66 Cards in this Set
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Nature
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inborn, biological givens, based on genetic inheritance
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Nutrure
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physical and social world, influence biological and psychological development
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Continuous Development
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effects of learning add up gradually, no major changes just a little bit at a time... infant will respond the same as an adult but with less detail bc they arent as skilled yet
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Discontinous Development
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rapid quanitive changes, infant does not think same as adult, all stages think differently, Piaget would support this
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Active Development
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Erikson, children are actively engaged in their development.. example: touch something hot, ouch that hurts so dont touch it
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Passive Development
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children are passive and their environment acts on them... example: the child does something bad.. hey! dont do that! bad!
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Naturalistic Observation
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observation conducted in natural setting, observer tries to not disturb enviroment bc they dont want a bias and to change the subjects behavior
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Case Study
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carefully use accounts of individual already available.. example: Journal, structured interview
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Correlation
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putting things together, can be positive or negative, decides if one trait is related to another, one has an effect on another but it is NOT a CAUSE..... example: its warm people eat more ice cream, but the hot weather didnt cause them to eat ice cream
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Experiment
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trying things out, test a hypothesis, one group recieves the treatment and the other group does not, preferred method for investigating relationships, consider ethics to make sure youre being fair
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Longitudal Research
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same group studied at different times, need larger number of participants, take group and study them at age 5,10,15 years old - long process, shows changes in individuals
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Cross-Sectional Research
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differing groups studied at the same time... study a group of 5 year olds and 10 year olds.. 2 different groups.. can have cohort effects
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Cohort Effects
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children born at different times so they could be taught differently
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Sequential Research
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several similar cross-section or longitudal studies at varying times
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Ethical Considerations during Research
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do no harm - physical or mental, informed consent, participation must be voluntary, participants can withdraw from study, confidentiality, assent
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Assent
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required from participants at a younger age, the child should have understanding of what they are participating in and agree... for 7 years and up this is required
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Genetics
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branch of bio that studies our nature
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Chromosomes
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store and transmit genetic info, found in nuclie - center of all cells
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Genes
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basic unit of heredity, made of DNA
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Polygenic
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results from many genes
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DNA
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genetic material that forms double helix, made of phosphates, sugar, bases
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Autosomes
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member of a pair of chromomes
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Sex Chromosome
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in the shape of X or Y... X is female.. Y is male, determines if you are a boy or a girl
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Fraternal/dizygotic
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2 egg cells produced, fertilized by 2 different sperm cells, no more genetically similar than other siblings except born at the same time, runs in the family, the more children you have the more likely this will happen
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Identical/monozygotic
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zygote of egg cell and divides into 2 cells, genetically the same
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Allele
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One member of a pair or series of genes that occupy a specific position on a specific chromosome.
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Homozygous
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both traits are the same
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Heterozygous
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the traits are different.. example: trait for a blue eye and a brown one
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Incomplete Dominance/ Codominance
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you see both traits, for polygenic traits
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Dominant Trait
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the trait that is shown if you have one of both
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Recessive Trait
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only see these if both traits are the same
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Carriers
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people who have dominant and recessive trait, you dont see the trait but they can still pass it along to the child
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Down's Syndrome
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extra chromosome of 21 pair, have 47 chromsome instead of 46, most common autosomal
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Sex-linked Chromosomal Abnormalities
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XXY Abnormality, Klinefelter Syndrome XXY, Turner Syndrome, Triple X Syndrome XXX.... linked to age of parents, sickle cell, PKU
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Genetic Counselors
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explore what the child's genetic code might be, prepares for decision
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Prenatal Testing
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Ultrasound, Blood Tests, Chorionic Villus Testing, Amniocentesis
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Contributions to the Development of Traits
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inheritance, nutrition, accident, illness
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Genotypes
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the things you inherit, genes, inborn, genetic expression, biology, nature, the blueprints of what you will look like
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Phenotypes
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actual set of traits, you SEE it, development of genetics, the visible part of the blueprint(genotypes)
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Kinship Studies
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whats inherited and what was from your environment, if everyone in your family is doulbe jointed or left handed, or if youre the only like that then where did it come from
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Twin Studies Twin Studies
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one tends to be left handed and one tends to be right handed bc they each lay on opposite sides in the womb - enviroment
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Adoption Studies
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if they were raised in a safe enviroment or not
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Conception
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joining of sperm and egg
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Ova
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egg cell, women are born with all the egg cells they will ever have 400,000, if not fertilized it will be expelled from the body, egg is larger than sperm
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Endometrium
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mucous membrane that lines uterus
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Sperm
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develop through stages
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Ovulation
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every 28 days
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Artificial Insemination
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sperm is collected, usually frozen, injected into uterus when ovulating.... this is for if the man has a low sperm count, woman by herself
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In Vitro Fertilization
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egg cell removed from mother and the sperm cell fertilizes it in a dish and is then replanted... for if her fallopian tubes are messed up
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Donor IVF
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could use their egg or sperm
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Surrogate Mother
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other person carries the baby
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Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis
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method for selecting the sex of your child, do specific things to increase your chances of having a boy or girl
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The Germinal Stage
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the first 2 weeks of pregnancy, 1. Blastocyst 2. Trophoblast 3. Implantation... this is the shortest stage of pregnancy
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The Embryonic Stage
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weeks 3-8, baby is now exposed to everything mom is
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Cephalocaudal
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head to toe development, develops head and down
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Proximodistal
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near to far development, like developing inside out, first central organs before limbs.. arms before hands before fingers
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Neural Tube
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the development of the brain stem
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Sexual Differentiation
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seeing difference between boy and girl, development of testes and ovaries
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Amniotic Sac
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protects the baby, allows it to move without injury
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Placenta
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massive tissue that connects the baby to the mom, gets nourishment and rid of waste
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Fetal Stage
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3rd month - birth, gains in weight and size, maturation of the organ systems, fetus is in utero - responds to external simulation, there is more movement
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Teratogens
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environmental agents that are toxic to to embryos and fetuses
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Critical Period of Vulnerability
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the fetal stage
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Rubella
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if the mother has it the child could be born deaf or blind or have heart disease
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Toxemia
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high blood pressure for the mom later in the pregnancy
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How much weight should the mother gain?
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25-35 pounds
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FCS 101 Final