105 Cards in this Set
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cross sectional studies
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interview different people at different stages
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longitudinal research
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track one person over a long period of time (can be several years)
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Nature
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hereditary (biological)
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Nurture
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Enviornment
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case study
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descriptive, following a person, recording them. one person
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negative correlation
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when one goes up and the other goes down
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positive correlation
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both variables go up or both go down
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correlation coefficent
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number ranging from -1.00- +1.00 tell strength of relationship
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naturalistic observation
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watching participant in natural habitat, no talking.
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what influences development?
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-age(help predict what will happen at a certain time)
- history ( people born in same time frame act the same)
-non normative ( irregular events that happen to few people)
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Active vs. passive
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behavior vs. enviornment
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continuity vs. discontinuity
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steady vs. abrupt changes (how we develop)
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Time variable desgins
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one-time, one-group
-longitudial
-cross-sectional
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Code of Ethics
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guiding set of principles
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epigenetic view
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heredity and the environment during development
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collecting data (4 ways)
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1. descriptive study
2. manipulative experiments
3. naturalistic experiments
4. case studies
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descriptive study
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gather info from a group of people (survey, test, poll)
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manipulative experiments
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2-3 different scenarios
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prenatal
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before birth
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amniocentesis
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a procedure for drawing and examining fetal cells sloughed off into amniotic fluid to determine the presence of various disorders.
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miscarriage
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the expulsion of an embryo or fetus before it can sustain life on its own most often due to defective development.
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chronic villus sampling (cvs)
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a method or the prenatal detection of genetic abnormalities that samples the membrane enveloping the amniotic sac and fetus
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uterus
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the hallow organ within females in which the embryo and fetus develope
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ultrasound
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sound waves too high in itch to be sensed by the human ear
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sonogram
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a procedure for using ultrasonic sound waves to create a picture of an embryo or fetus
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genotype
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the genetic form or constitution of a person as determined by heredity
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phenotype
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the actual form or constitution of a person as determined by heredity and environmental factors.
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conception
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the union of sperm and an ovum that occurs when the chromosomes of each of these cells combine to form 23 new pairs
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endometrium
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the inner lining of the uterus
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autism
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a development disorder characterized by failure to relate to others, communication problems, intolerance of change, and ritualistic behavior
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alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) assay
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a blood test that assess the mother's blood lever of alpha-fetoprotein, a substance that is linked with fetal neural tube defects.
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motility
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self-propulsion
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pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
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an infection of the abdominal region that may have various causes and that may impair fertility
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endometriosis
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inflammation of endometrial issue sloughed off into the abdominal cavity rather than out of the body during menstruation.
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artificial insemination
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injection of sperm into the uterus to fertilize an ovum
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father
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which parent determines the sex of the baby?
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germinal stage
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the period from conception to implantation
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from the beginning of the third month until birth
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when does fetal stage take place?
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chromosomal disorder
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what does the parental test, chronic villus sampling (CVS) test for?
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no
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can pregnant women eat foods like fish and deli meat?
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month five
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around what month can you see the baby's organs?
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genes
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____ are biological materials that regulate the development of traits.
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50%
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how much of their genes to dizygotic twins share?
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XYY
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what is the chromosome structure for super males?
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Sickle Cell Anemia
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What disease is most common among African Americans?
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sperm are apparently guided toward an egg cell (ovum) by changes in ____ ions.
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calcium
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trophoblast
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the outer layer of blastocyst
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placenta
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____ is pancake-shaped mass of tissue that permits the embryo and fetus to exchange nutrients and wastes with the mother
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HIV
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___ is not likely to be transmitted to the fetus through the placenta
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preeclampsia
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___ is a life threatening disease characterized byhigh blood pressure that may afflict women late in the second or early in the third trimester.
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oxygen
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cigarette smoking by a pregnant woman is harmful to the fetus because it decreases the amount of ____ available to the fetus.
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false
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true of false: Braxton hicks contractions are a sign of early labor
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false
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true or false: Doula's are allowed to deliver the babies
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3 main birth problems
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premature babies, low birth weight, risk of paternal labor
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breech birth
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when a baby is born feet first, butt first, or in a cross position
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Lamaze method and Bradley method
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two methods used prior to and during a child birth
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respiratory distress syndrome
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babies who breath irregularly or may suddenly stop breathing
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incubator
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premature infants usually remain in the hospital and are placed in these.
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when is a baby considered premature?
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birth occurs before 37 weeks of gestation
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how long do baby blues usually last?
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6 weeks
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true or false: bonding is essential to the survival and well being of children?
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true
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4-6 weeks
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how long do women tend to bleed after giving birth
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4 major stages in Piaget cognitive theory
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* 1-2 years: sensorimotor stage
*2-7 year: preoperational stage
*7-11 years: concrete operational stage
*12 and up: formal operational stage
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psychosocial development
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Erikson's theory emphasizing the importance of social relationships and conscious choice thought the eight stages of development
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Erikson's theory
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psychosocial theory
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Freud's theory
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psychosexual theory
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5 childhood stages of freud's psychosexual theory
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1. oral stage
2. anal stage
3. phallic stage
4. latent stage
5. genital stage
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classical conditioning
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a form of learning in which neutral stimulus is used to cause a response that is usually brought forth by a second stimulus.
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what is this?
psychologists trained children to wake up when they had bladder tension by pairing bladder tension repeatedly with a bell that awakens them.
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classical conditioning
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positive reinforcer
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increases the frequency of a response
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negative reinforcer
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when removed, increases the frequency of a response
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extinction
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the cessation of a response that is performed in the absence of reinforcement
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social cognitive theory
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learning theory that emphasizes observational learning
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cognitive developmental theory
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hold that the child's abilities to mentally represent the world and solve problems unfold as a result of the interaction of experiences and the maturation of neurological structures.
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stage theory
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a theory of development characterized by distinct periods of life
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life crisis
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an internal conflict that attends each stage of the psychosocial theory
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maturation
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the unfolding of genetically determined traits, structures, and functions
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behaviorism
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Watson's view that science must study observable behavior only and investigate relationships between stimuli and responses
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reinforcement
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the process of providing stimuli following responses that increase the frequency of responses
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identity crisis
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a period of inner conflict during which one examines one's values and makes decisions about one's life roles. (Erikson)
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life-span perspective
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perspective in which psychologist view human development as occurring throughout the individual's lifetime.
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developmental psychology
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the discipline that studies the physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development of humans
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operant conditioning
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a simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in behavior that is reinforced.
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scheme
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an action pattern or mental structure that is involved in the acquisition and organization of knowledge
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adaptation
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the interaction between the organism and the environment consisting of assimilation and acommodation
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assimilation
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the incorporation of new events into existing knowledge into existing schemes.
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accommodation
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the modification of existing schemes to permit the incorporation of new events of knowledge.
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equilibrium
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the creation of balance between assimilation and accommodation
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ethology
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the study of behaviors that are specific to a species.
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fixed action pattern (FAP)
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a stereotyped pattern of behavior that is evoked by a "releasing stimulus"; and instinct
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ecology
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the branch of biology that deals with the relationships between living organisms and their enviornment
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microsystem
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the immediate setting with which the child interacts, such as the home, school, and peers
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mesosystem
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the interlocking settings that influence the child..... interaction of the school and larger community
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exosystem
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community institutions and setting that directly influence the child, such as the school board and the parent' workplace
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macrosystem
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the basic institutions and ideologies that influence the child
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chronosystem
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the environmental changes that occur over time and have an effect on the child.
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empirical
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based on observation and experimentation
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standardized test
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a test in which an individual's score is compared to the scores of a group of similar individuals
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hypothesis
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proposition to be tested
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experimental group
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group receives treatment
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control group
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don't receive treatment.. used to compare the experimental group to
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cohort effect
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similarities in behavior among a group of peers that stem from the fact that group members were born at the same time in history
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time lag
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the study of developmental processes by taking measures of participants of the same age group and different times
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ecological systems theory
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the view that explains child development in terms of the reciprocal influences between children and environment settings.
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Zone of Proximal development (ZPD)
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Vygotsky's term for the situation in which a child carries out tasks with the help of someone is more skilled.
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FCS 101 Final