POLSC 135: EXAM 1
41 Cards in this Set
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Major premise: If a country has a strong economy, the government will be popular.
Minor premise: The government is not popular.
Conclusion: Therefore, the country does not have a strong economy.
-Valid?
-Form of categorical syllogism?
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yes
Denying the consequent
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Major premise: If a country has a strong economy, the government will be popular.
Minor premise: The government is not popular.
Conclusion: Therefore, the country does not have a strong economy.
--Valid?
--Form of categorical syllogism?
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No,
_____
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Major premise: If the president commits a criminal act, then he can be impeached.
Minor premise: The president cannot be impeached.
Conclusion: Therefore, the president has not committed a criminal act.
--Valid?
--Form of categorical syllogism
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Yes,
Denying the consequent
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Major premise: If a country employs proportional representation electoral rules, it will have many parties.
Minor premise: The country does not employ proportional representation electoral rules.
Conclusion: Therefore, the country does not have many parties.
--Valid
--Form of …
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No
Denying the antecedent
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Major premise: If theory T is correct, all rich countries will be democracies.
Minor premise: All rich countries are democracies.
Conclusion: Therefore, theory T is correct.
--Valid?
--Type of categorical syllogism>
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No
Affirming the consequent
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Consider the following premise: “If theory T is correct, all rich countries will be democracies.” If you wanted to demonstrate that theory T was wrong, what would you have to observe?
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A rich dictatorship
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Major premise: If a country’s electoral rules are permissive, then votes should be translated into seats in a fairly proportional manner.
Minor premise: In the most recent election, votes were not translated into seats in a proportional manner.
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Yes,
Denying the consequent
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Major premise: If a country has a participant culture, then democracy in that country will be stable.
Minor premise: Democracy in country X is stable.
Conclusion: Therefore, country X has a participant culture.
--Valid
--Form of categorical syllogism
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No
Affirming the consequent
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A valid argument is?
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One where you have to accept the conclusion if you accept the premises
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The deductive approach to learning
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Formulates an expectation about what we ought to observe in light of a particular theory about the world and then sets out to see if the observations are consistent with that theory.
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If I observe a pattern in political events and decide to generate an explanation for those events, I am practicing ___________ approach to learning:
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Inductive
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If I derive some implications from a theory and collect observations to see if they are consistent with that theory, I am practicing ___________ approach to learning:
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Deductive
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Inductive reasoning is problematic because it relies on:
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Affirming the consequent
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“Smoking increases the probability of getting cancer.” Is this a scientific statement?
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yes
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22. “The sun revolves around the earth.” Is this a scientific statement?
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yes
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“Education spending increases under left-wing governments.” Is this a scientific statement?
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yes
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" Iceland is a country.” Is this a scientific statement?
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no
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“Religious faith assures a person a place in the afterlife.” Is this a scientific statement?
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no
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“Democracies are less likely to go to war than dictatorships.” Is this a scientific statement?
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yes
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“Democratic leaders are more likely to provide public goods for their citizens than dictators are.” Is this a scientific statement?
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yes
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“Dictators are more likely to provide public goods for their citizens than democratic leaders are.” Is this a scientific statement?
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yes
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“Smoking causes people to be taller than six feet.” Is this a scientific statement?
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no
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“All mainstream U.S. senators agree that the House bill is unacceptable.” Is this statement scientific if “mainstream” is defined in terms of the acceptability of the House bill?
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no
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“All mainstream U.S. senators agree that the House bill is unacceptable.” Is this statement scientific if “mainstream” is defined in terms of the ideology of the senators?
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yes
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“All good students get high grades.” Is this statement scientific if “good” is defined in terms of a student's grade?
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yes
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“All good students get high grades.” Is this statement scientific if “good” is defined in terms of a student's enthusiasm?
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yes
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If a DEMOCRACY IS WEALTHY, then it will stay a democracy.” Are the conditions shown in capital letters sufficient or necessary to produce the effects described?
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sufficient
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A country cannot maintain a democratic form of government unless IT HAS A CULTURE THAT PROMOTES CIVIC PARTICIPATION.” Are the conditions shown in capital letters sufficient or necessary to produce the effects described?
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Necessary
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“Countries have many parties only WHEN THEY EMPLOY PROPORTIONAL ELECTORAL RULES.” Are the conditions shown in capital letters sufficient or necessary to produce the effects described?
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Necessary
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“Countries always have few parties WHEN THEY EMPLOY MAJORITARIAN ELECTORAL RULES.” Are the conditions shown in capital letters sufficient or necessary to produce the effects described?
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Sufficient
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“IF A COUNTRY’S POPULATION IS ETHNICALLY HETEROGENEOUS, then it will experience political conflict.” Are the conditions shown in capital letters sufficient or necessary to produce the effects described?
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Sufficient
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“A country cannot maintain democracy UNLESS IT HAS A TOLERANT CULTURE.” Are the conditions shown in capital letters sufficient or necessary to produce the effects described?
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Necessary
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“Countries always maintain democratic regimes IF THEY HAVE A STRONG URBAN CLASS.” Are the conditions shown in capital letters sufficient or necessary to produce the effects described?
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Sufficient
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A falsifiable statement means taht
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the statement is potentially testible
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Scientists never prove that their theories are correct, however they can...
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All of the above
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A scientific statement must be falsifiable
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true
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Science is a collection of facts–it tells us what we know about the world.
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False
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. Statements that cannot ever be tested must be wrong.
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False
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Imagine that an analyst is interested in understanding why civil wars occur. If the analyst chooses to study only cases in which civil wars have occurred (for example, in the Congo, Greece, Spain, Sri Lanka, the United States, and Yugoslavia), then she is using
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Mills Method of Agreement
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Imagine that an analyst is interested in understanding why civil wars occur. If the analyst chooses to study some cases in which civil war occurred (Greece, Spain, and Yugoslavia. and some cases in which they did not (Belgium, Italy, Switzerland), then he is using
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Mills Method of Difference
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According to the discussion in Chapter 2, it is possible for scientists to draw valid inferences from Mill’s Methods of Agreement and Difference only if
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All of the assumptions listed above must be true
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POLSC 135: Notes