66 Cards in this Set
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Anthropoidea
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Larger of the two primate families (Prosimii is other family). The suborder of primates which includes the monkeys, apes, and man.
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Catarrhini
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Old World monkeys, apes, humans
- diverse habitats and diets
- Cercopithecines, Colobines
- no prehensile tail
- ischial callosites (tough butt pads)
- projecting nose, downward facing nostrils
- dental formula: 2123
-frontal sphenoid facial contact
-ear tube
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Cercopithecoidea
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Subfamily: Colobinae, Cercopithecine
-Old world monkeys
-tails
-Ischial callosities
-bilophodont molars
-quadrupedal anatomy
-found in Africa, Japan, Northern China
-Face bigger than brain
narrow nasal base
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Cercopithecinae
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Subfamily of Cercopithecoidea
-fruit and seed eaters (frugivores)
-mostly in Africa
-swamp monkeys, mangabeys,baboons
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Colobinae
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-Subfamily of Cercopithecoidea
-colobus and proboscis monkeys
-mostly arboreal
-leaf eaters (folivores)
-sacculated stomachs
-mostly in Asia
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Gibbon
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Hylobatide
Lesser Ape
Asia
Smallest of the apes
Brachiation. Long arms, permanently curved fingers, short thumbs, powerful shoulder muscles
extendable elbow joint, mobile wrist joint
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Haplorhini
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-suborder of primates
-includes tarsirriformes and anthropoidea
-complete bone orbit (post orbital plate)
-closed eye orbit
-internal lacrimal(tear) duct
-no tooth comb
-dry nose
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Strepsirhini
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-suborder of primates
-tooth comb
-external tear ducts
-open eye sockets
-wet nose
-includes lemuroidea and lorisoidea
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Order: Primates
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-forward facing eyes with nose beneath eyes -stereoscopic vision -post orbital bar -nails not claws -divergent hallux(grasping big toe) -relative increase in brain size
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Platyrrhini
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-infraorder of anthropoidea
-2133 dental formula
-no ear tube
-zygomatic parietal cranial contact
-New world monkeys
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Hominoidea
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-apes and humans
-Y-5 molars
-brain bigger than face
-wide nasal base
-suspensory skeleton
-no tail
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canine-premolar honing
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-dental form where the upper canines are sharpened against the lower third premolars when the jaws are opened and closed
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Diastema
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The gap between incisors and molars.
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Encephalized
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Have a larger brain relative to our body size in comparison to other mammals
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The Orbit of the Eye
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The hole/opening that holds eye
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grooming claw
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specialized digit, usually 2nd or 3rd, usually found on forelimb, used for grooming but more often for feeding
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intermembral index
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length of the forelimb(humerus+radius) divided by the length of the hind leg(femur+tibia) *100
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tooth comb
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anterior teeth(incisors and canines) that have been tilted forward creating a scraper
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arboreal quadruped
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-some old world monkeys, most new world monkeys
-short forelimbs, longer hind limbs
-flexed forelimb
-long tails used for balance
-flexible shoulder
-pronograde posture
-intermembral index: 75-85
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knuckle walking
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-chimps, bonobos, gorillas, orangutans
-long arms compared to legs
-weight bearing and stabilizing elbow and wrist
-rotated humerus
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terrestrial quadruped
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-gorilla, baboon,
-long forelimb and hindlimb(similar length)
-restricted shoulder, elbow, and wrist
-shorter digits
-reduced tail
-pronograde posture(spinal colum parrell to ground)
-intermembral index: 90-100
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vertical clinging and leaping
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tarsiers, specialists, lemurs
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carnivorous
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feeding on animals meat eating
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Dominance & Rank
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social relationship between two individuals
-Maintained by: fights, displacement, redirected aggression
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Folivorous
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- leaf eating
- large molars for hacking leaves
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Frugivores
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Fruit eaters
- wide incisors
- low rounded cusps
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granivores
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animals that feed primarily on seeds or grains
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Monogamous
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-type of relationship in which a male mates with just one female
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omnivorous
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eating both meat and vegetation
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Polyandrous
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One-female, multi-male. One female mates with nonpolygymous males. Ex: some prosimians.
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Polygynous
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refers to social groups that includes one adult male and several adult females
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Reciprocal altruism
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Tendency to help others with the expectation that they are likely to help us in return
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Submissive Displays
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"I am harmless" gesture and poses
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Nicolaus Steno
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-father of sedimentology
-used fossils to reconstruct history of earth
-law of superposition
-oldest things are on the bottom, youngest on the top
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function of bone
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body movement and support, mechanical framework, protect organs
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dental formula
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2123 adult human
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law of superposition
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overlaying layers of strata are younger than the layers below them
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strata
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layer of rock or sediment
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Principal of Faunal Succession
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Different fossils occur for only certain ranges of
geologic time. You never find them in older or
younger rocks. Therefore, if you find a
particular fossil in a rock, you know the rock must
have formed during the range of geologic time that
that fossil species existed.
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Half Life
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The time required for the concentration of a reactant or the amount of a radioactive isotope to fall to one half of its initial value
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Hydroxyapatite
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A large crystal like molecule of calcium and phosphate that combines with other minerals to form the structural matrix of bones and teeth
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Osteoblasts
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The cells that produce bone tissue
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Osteoclasts
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Bone cells that break down bone tissue during growth and remodeling
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Osteocyte
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Mature bone cells that are derived from osteoblasts.
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stratigraphy
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the study of rock layers and the process of layering
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Taphonomy
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the study of how bones and other materials came to be buried in the earth and preserved as fossils
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Trace Fossils
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Evidence of organic activity: Tracks, trails, burrows
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Paleozoic
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An era which began 544 million years ago where multicellular organisms first appeared.
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Mesozoic
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"Middle life"
248 to 65 mya.
Age of dinosaurs.
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Cenozoic
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Geologic time that began 65 million years ago and continues today
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Relative Dating
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-not exact age
-age of something relative to something else
-is it older, younger, same age?
-flourine dating
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relative dating: flourine dating
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-absorption of chemicals by fossils
-bone looses nitrogen and gains fluorine
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relative dating: paleomagnetic
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-shifts in earths polarity
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absolute dating
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-exact absolute date
-method of using natural methods as clocks
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absolute dating: dendrochronology
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-looking at ring structures of trees
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absolute dating: radiometric dating
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-measures radioactive decay
-measures accumulation of radiation
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William Smith
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-principal of faunal succession
-specific fossils are in specific stratographic layers
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Jane Goodall
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English zoologist most known for her studies of chimpanzees, and how the environment of them greatly affect their intelligence and emotional behavior.
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Adapids
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-Similar to modern lemurs
-Long snout like modern lemurs
-No grooming claw
-No dental comb
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Branisella
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oldest new world monkey fossil we have, found in Bolivia, possible stem ancestor to all platyrrines
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Carpolestes
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possible paleocene ancestor to euprimates. had grasping hands and feet and nails instead of claws.
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dryopithecids
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Early Miocene apes found in various locations in Europe; long forelimbs for brachiation; fruit eating dentition
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fayum
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Egypt
first true anthropoids
environment: water, trees (rivering forest)
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omomyids
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modern haplorrhines, dry noses, tarsiers and anthropoids
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plesiadapiforms
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mammal dating back to the Paleocene; once thought to be an ancestral primate
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Sivapithecus
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a genus of fossil ape that lived in Asia between 14 million and 7 million years ago, possibly an ancestor to modern orangutans
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ANTH 120: MIDTERM 3