97 Cards in this Set
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Acheulean tradition
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lower paleolithic, Africa 1.65 mya- 250 Ka
bifaced hand ax. both sides flaked.
still used olduwan tools at the same time.
big difference between olduwan stones tools is that they were very standardized. they all look basically the same all across Africa and Europe.
only found in afr…
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The middle pleistocene the muddle in the middle
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Archaic Homo Sapiens. Homo hiedelbegensis, homo neandertalis, homo erectus. lots of confusion about species because there is so much variation.
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Movius line
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achuelean hand axes only found in africa, parts of middle east and parts of Europe. past the "movius line" we do not fond hand axes. some primitive types of hand axes are found in places like Korea, baise basin china, etc. not associated with Homo Erectus. Asian Homo Erectus had already m…
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Anatomically modern humans features
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Homo Sapiens
large, round, gracile head w/ 1200-1300cc
rounded cranuim, not angular
no superstructures on face (no brow ridge, sagittal keeling...)
canine fossa (shallow indentation on cheeks next to nose
chin (no other fossil hominins have a projecting chin)
zygomatic is high on fa…
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Homo erectus features
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long low robust skull with lemon shape.
700-1200 cc brain
lots of cranial superstrusture like occipital, sagittal, and frontal keel, supraorbital torus.
large robust face
no chin
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Archaic Homo Sapiens Homo Heidelbergensis features
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HIGH amount of variation by time and region
brain size well within modern human range 1200cc
reduced post orbital constriction (no pinch in behind eyes)
arched supraorbital torus. looks like an angry person. (opposed to bar like brows)
robust crania with projecting face
slightly mo…
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Europe archaics evidence and behavior
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Greece: petralona
Germany:steinheim and maur
England: Boxgrove and Swanscombe
Spain: Atapuerca
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Petralona Greece skull
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250-150 ka
brain is 1230 cc
Primitive like H. Erectus: Derived to link with neandertal:
has nuchal torus and sulcus. occipital bun
wide skull base (tent shape) wide face
low sloping forehead …
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Steinheim Germany skull
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300 ka
the skull has a lot of damage. post depositional damage.
Arched supra orbiatal torus
maybe a low zygoma but you cant really tell
very wide nose but could be due to damage
canine fossa is present (derived modern trait)
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Sierra Atapuerca Spain
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mountains in Spain. 4 sites associated with the mountains.
sima del elefante (1.2-1.1 my) H. sp.
Gran Dolina (800 kya) H. Antecessor
sima de los huesos(600 kya) pit of bones. H. Heidelbergansis
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sima del elefante
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(1.2-1.1 my)
Fossil: ATE9-1 (h. sp.) mandible.
4 olduwan flakes and 5 waste flakes . faunal remains with cut marks
Thought it was Homo Erectus at first but there is a lot of debate. Prof thinks its homo Erectus
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sima de los huesos(600
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(600 kya) called pit of bones. in a very deep cave system. think that the fossil hominins were either thrown or fell into the pit. Lots of carnivore remains found in the pit which were maybe attracted by the smell of bead flesh. 3500 hominin remains coming out of site. about 32+ individua…
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Gran Dolina
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(800 kya) H. Antecessor. 80 fossil specimens like 6 individuals. one is a child about 11.
modern midfacial region. derived traits.
canine fossa
zygomatic high and horiaontal
infraorbiatal surface is vertical like H. Erectus
Has NO derived Neanderthal morphologies. Think it could …
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Homo Neanderthalensis
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existed all over europe, middle east, and western asia. 27-150 kya.
big brains. 1300-1750 cc. ave of 1500 cc
rounded skull but low with sloping forehead
high prominent nose with high nasal bridge. big wide nose.
no chin. wide face. space behind 3rd molar.
nuchal shelf
lanbdoidal …
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History of Neanderthal discovery
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first discovered in Belgium. next found in gibraltar. these two were not recognized as neanderthals at the time.
1856limestone quarry in neander valley they found neanderthal 1 the first recognized as more than just human. found in a cave called klein feldhofer cave.
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La chapelle-aux-saints france
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classic neanderthal. 1620 cc. "old man". missing all his teeth. was buried.
30-40 at time of death
healed broken rib
healed broken foot
Arthritis in hips neck back and shoulder
loss of molar teeth
the guy who looked at it decides all these things were the anatomy and not trauma. cr…
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neanderthal anatomy-built for cold
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Facial adaptations:
large nasal aperture.
large infraorbital foramina. little holes all over face are larger than they are in other hominins.
body adaptations:
begmanns rule- cold animals are large with reduced surface area. Short and stocky.
allens rule- cold adapted animals have …
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neanderthal dentition as tools
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dentition used as a tool. found worn down all the way too root. Have some adaptations to prevent overwearing on their teeth.
large anterior teeth
labial convexity
incisor shoveling
lingual tubericals.
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neanderthal post crania
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short and stocky. powerful and muscular. short limbs. thick fingers.
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Neanderthal DNA
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mtDNA
mtDNA is distinct from modern homo sapiens. its 3x as different from modern human average than moderns humans are from each other.
neanderthals are very similar to each other.
Nuclear DNA
neanderthals and modern humans are very similar (99%)
1-4% genetic contribution of neande…
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Hunting and substance in neanderthals
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Hunted big mammals. evidenced by lots of trauma.
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Health and disease in neanderthals
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evidence of traumatic injury. all neanderthals found have evidence of this.
Shanidar 1 male showed a bunch of trauma. stunted arm, head blow, arthritis, etc. though so many injuries because of the close range hunting . damage is similar to those of bull riders today.
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Neanderthal burials
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la ferrassie, france- 2 adults buried head to head as well as graves of 4 children, one child in pit covered by stone slab.
la chapelle, france- buried old man. shallow burial. put in fetal position
Shanidar 4, iraq- lots of flower pollen found in the dirt. flowers don't grow in dark ca…
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ritual and symbolic behavior in neanderthals
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very little to indicate symbolic behavior. some incised bones found in mousterian sites.
pierced animal teeth and other personal adornment.
humans were around by this time so they could have picked this up from humans. music at 42000 years ago. a flute found?
buried dead
artwork un…
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Late Pleistocene
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125-10 kya. Increase/proliferation of art/symbolism. Blade tech. Modern humans appear.
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Homo Sapiens morphology
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small narrow face and nose
rounded high cranial vault
high frontal to fit big brain
reduced brow ridge
canine fossa
flatter zygomatics
smaller anterior teeth
strong distinct chin
no retromolar gap
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When and where anatomically modern homo sapiens
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Omo Kibish, Ethiopia. 195,000. 2 fossils found.
Omo 1- Chin and modern cranial characteristics.
Omo 2-more robust and less modern in morphology.
Herto, Ethiopia. 160 kya.
1450cc
modern face
but primitive in some ways. heavy skull, arching brow ridge, large projecting occipital …
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The Levant
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humans in the levant. Mount Carmel Israel.
tabun cave, 120 kya. Neanderthal occupation site.
skhul cave, 100 kya. AMHS occupation site.
qafzeh cave, 100kya. AMHS occupation site.
kebara cave. 60 kya. Neanderthal occupation site.
did the humans and neanderthal make contact? interbree…
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Modern Humans in Europe
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Earliest found Oase Cave, Romania. 35,000. Robust. Chin and canine fossa. There were still many neanderthals around at this time.
Mladec, czech republic, 31 kya.
Cro-Magnon, 28000 ya.
appeared relatively late to Europe. Stayed in Africa for a very long time.
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Modern Humans in Asia and Australia
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Liujiang, China. 68 kya. Oldest in asia found here.
---upper cave, zhoukoudian china, 27 kya. Doesnt look like modern Chinese. Looks link to south pacific, european, and ancient American pops. Shows that the hypothesis of different races evolving in a spot.
more robust. similar to mod…
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Late stone age in Africa and upper paleolithic in Europe
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Use stone age for Africa and Upper paleolithic for Europe. Blade making is the hallmark of the period. Flake twice as long as it is wide. requires great skill to make. produces large amount of cutting edge. 50,000 and 10,000 ya.
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Upper paleolithic "cultural evolution"
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explosion of art
caves & open are camps, built large shelters
elaborate burials
These things were also happening in the middle paleolithic. There are tons of examples of this. People like to think it all started in the U.P. but they are wrong
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Blombos Cave
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73,000 ya. etched ocher rock in it. tons of shell beads there. very early on.
Blombos Cave is an archaeological site located in Blombosfontein Nature Reserve, about 300km east of Cape Town on the Southern Cape coastline, South Africa.
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Dolni Vestonice
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Czech republic. 27,000-21,000 ya. Open air site next to stream. hunted mammoths. abundance of art, clay figures, personal ornaments, very fancy burials. Made mammoth huts out of mammoth bones. Worlds oldest ceramics. shaped clay and put it in fire to cure it. small animal heads. Relatives…
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Cave art important because...
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Cave art is notable because:
required considerable cognative abilitie. Observe, analyze, retain. recreate and transform.
art makes meaning. its symbolic.
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3 kinds of art in UP
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Portable art. carvings and decorated tools.
personal ornaments. shell, ivory, bone, or tooth beads or pendants
partietal art. cave paintings, carvings, and etchings.
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Art stuff
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Venus. atl atls al over the place. Burials. sunghir russia burials. guy with over 3000 ivory beads buried with him and red ocher and stuff. indicated a division of labor.
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Parietal Art
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Parietal art is the archaeological term for artwork done on cave walls or large blocks of stone. One of the most famous examples of parietal art is the Grotte Chauvet in France.
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Multiregional Continuity
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Homo erectus left Africa and dispersed into the world (europe, asia, africa) and slowly over time those homo erectus evolved in archaic homo sapiens through gene flow across these populations. The archaic homo sapiens evolved into H. Sapiens in each on of these places through gene flow. D…
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Replacement/Out of Africa model
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AMHS originated in Africa and then left and replaced all other populations. wiped everyone else out.
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Multiregional Continuity predictions
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continuity in geographic regions
variation between populations is high
significant about of interbreeding between populations (gene flow)
neanderthals share more genes with europeans than other populations
humans, neanderthals, archaic, and H. erectus are the same species.
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complete replacement model
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Chris Stringer.
Modern populations left Africa 200,000 ya and migrated replacing populations in Europe and Asia.
abrupt change in archaic populations outside of Africa yo AMHS.
minimal admixurure between moderns and archaics.
neanderthals are equally related to all contemporary hu…
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Partial replacement
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Assimilation. Gunter Brauer.
earliest dates for AMHS at over 100,000 ya
moving to eurasia modern humans hybridized with resident groups, eventually replacing them.
disappearance is due to hybridization and replacement.
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human neanderthal hybrid?
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Monti Lessini, italy. 34.5 kya. Juvenile mandible found here with overall similar shape to modern human. but the mtDNA groups with neanderthals.
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fossil evidence summary for the two hypotheses
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H. sapiens first appear in africa 195kya. no discontinuity.
H. sapiens outside of africa 90kya. definite discontinuity in Europe.
Evidence for continuity in asia is equivocal. early fossils don't resemble modern chines.
hybrid in italy
evidence supports assimilation. replacement hypo…
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archeological Evidence for two hypotheses
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Mulitregionalism would result in continuity in tool tradition all around the world
replacement would result in discontinuity of tool traditions. earliest evidence of tools should appear in africa.
material culture continuous in africa from 200 kya.
become very common in archeolog…
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Genetic Evidence for two hypotheses
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supports out of africa model (replacement)
mtDNA and nuclear DNA.
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Molecular clock
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dna mutations accumulate constantly over time. more mutation differences indicate longer divege time
date when two species diverged. counting number of mutations. calibrate against divergence date from fossil records.
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mitochondrial eve
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2 branches on tree
african branch
4 other populations
suggest that Africa was the source of the human mitochondrial gene pool. all pop in world stem from this gene pool. All other populations have multiple origins. Can be traced back to single woman who lived 200,000 years ago in Afric…
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Coalescence
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genetic sequence from living individuals can be traced back to a common ancestor.
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Nuclear DNA
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Kidd et al. looked at nuclear dna of many populations. similar conclusions to mtDNA conclusion. more genetic diversity in african populations. all populations of the world can be found in african populations. african genes are the ancestral genes. subset of african population migrated out…
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Neanderthal DNA
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The Neanderthal genome project is a collaboration of scientists to sequence the Neanderthal genome. Green et al. compared neanderthal genome to modern human genome.
neanderthals are closer to non african populations.
neanderthals are equally close to europeans and east asians. 1-4% ge…
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Homo erectus has home range of...
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450-500 hectares
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First homo erectus was found in
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Java indonisa
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First evidence if wooded spears found in Schöningen Germany dates to..
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400,000 years ago associated with Homo Heidelbegensis
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dental arcades have changes
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cooking food= shift in diet and so there is a reduction in our oral cavity. our teeth however stay the same size so we have issues with wisdom teeth and needing braces.
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hunting and gathering
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untill about 10,000 years ago all humans were hunter gatherers. foraging. including use of fire. Ate a very very varied diet.
activity patterns:
work about 10-15hours a week. walk around looking for animals and plants.
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Neolithic
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10kya- 2000 ya. new stone age. there was a change in climate at this time. the holocene begins. interglacial time period. warmer
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incipient farmings
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small scale clearance of vegetation, minimal cultivation. fostering the growth of plants on a very minimal basis. very basic. 11,000
later farming with larger effort.
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Full blown agriculture
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6000 ya. based mostly on domestic plants with greater labor input into cultivation
decreased dependence on wild plants for food.
dependent and mutualistic relationship between human and our domesticated crops and our animals.
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Why appearance of agriculture?
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major shift in overall global climate happens 10,000 years ago. temperature increased and stabilized.
population growth increase at this time. increasing number leads to needing a new way of feeding highr numbers.
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first agriculture people/location
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fertile crescent first but pretty soon after it began to arise other place.
south america, north america, china, etc. only place it didnt happen was australia. 11 places began farming.
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holocene domesticated plants today
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about 2/3 of all calorie and protein intake comes from plants domesticated in the early holocene.
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domestication led too..
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establishment of villages, cities, and societies. couldn't move plants so had to settle down.
technological innovations: grow, store, transport, increase.
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trade offs to domestication
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population growth. there were 2-3 million people living on earth until agricultural revolution.
environmental degradation. over farming.
Neolithic demographic transition. high birthrate, rapid weaning. rapid increase in population.
pollution
conflict between populations competing f…
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advantages of agriculture
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support large numbers of people
creation of surplus food
long term food storage.
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agriculture affect on human biology
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the skull:
dental malocclusions
tooth decay
postcranial skeleton:
decline in robusticity
decrease or increase in joint disease
increased disease transition.
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Agriculture on Skull shape
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change in shape of skull: skull gets shorter from front to back and grows taller vertically. chewing softer food leads to the chewing muscles being reduced. this means there is tooth crowding and malocclusion.
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increase in tooth decay with agricultural revolution
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domesticated plants are high in carbohydrated so there is much more tooth decay today. bacteria love carbs and they create lactic acid and this dissolves enamel.
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agricultural revolution and nutrition
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Dietary variety is critical for proper growth. Agriculture narrowed diversity of foods.
results in nutritional deficiencies.
nutritional distress leads to body growth slowing or ceasing.
enamel hypoplasias (KNOW FOR EXAM) (underdevelopment) ameloblasts halt production of enamel if t…
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enamel hypoplasias
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ameloblasts halt production of enamel if theres not enough nutrients. leads to little lines on teeth.
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biomechanics
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mechanics of the body can tell us about activity patterns
two laws involved:
wolfs law
beam theory
more bone= more strength.
agricultural populations have much less bone than the hunter gatherers. much less active than hunter gatherers.
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wolfs law
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if you apply more stress to an area of a body than more bone growth will occur
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beam theory
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material that is farther away from the center of the bone is more resistant to bending (stronger) than material closer. so more bone= more strength.
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Disease + agricultural revolution
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population increase+sedentary lifestyle=overcrowding and spread of infections disease.
sedentary populations are dirty. waste accumulats.
periosteal infections. degradation of bone. staph infections and stuff. very common in agricultural populations.
syphilis and yaws starts appear…
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Expensive Tissue Hypothesis
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Aiello and Wheeler. despite increase in brain size humands resting basal metabolic rate is the same of primates of similar size. brain tissue is expensive so BMR should be higher. we have a reduced gut so we can spend more on brain. smaller gut means a more high quality diet.
our bmr …
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Peking Man
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Peking Man, Homo erectus pekinensis, is an example of Homo erectus. A group of fossil specimens was discovered in 1923-27 during excavations at Zhoukoudian (Chou K'ou-tien) near Beijing (written "Peking" before the adoption of the Pinyin romanization system), China.
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Homo erectus
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taller. smaller gut bigger brain. 1000cc. 1.8 mya. africa and asia. some people call the african fossils homo egaster. has very long spatial and temporal range. 1.8mya-143 kya. all over world, africa, asia, georgia.
first hominin to leave africa, modern body proportions. modern nasal…
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First homo erectus
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found by eugene debois. Found in java Indonesia and called java man. one of the femurs found had bone disease. just found top of braincase, teeth, and femur. called it
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first Chinese homo erectus
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Davidson black. site zhoukodien. dragon bone hill. 200 specimens, at least 40 individuals. were examined by Franz Weidenreich then all fossil disappeared. was called Sinanthropus pekinensis.
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first african homo found
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mandible from swartkrans. was called telanthropus and thought to be "intermediate between ape and man". t
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homo erectus sensu lato
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the larger species comprising both the early African populations (H. ergaster) and the Asian populations.
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Homo erectus sensu stricto
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Just Asian H. erectus
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homo erectus morpology
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moderate cranial capacity. 700cc in africa and georgia 1200cc in asia
low and angled brow.
occipital angulation lemon shaped cranium
tent shape (greatest breadth low)
sagittal and frontal keel
thick vault bones
high nasal bridge
continuous supraorbital tous and slucus
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climate change
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massive climate shift at 2.5 mya. ice age. this was the pliestocene. cold+dry=expansion of grasslands retreat of massive continental glaciers so there were land bridges. major shifts in plants and animals.
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glaciations
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cold periods. ~100 ky. 10-12 degree colder than today. sea level drop. land bridges.
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interglacials
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warm perios. ~10 kya. current holocene epoch is warm. sea levels rise and ice sheets melt.
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home range and dispersal
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larger body size=larger home range
higher quality carnivorous diet= larger home range
open grass land habitats= larger home range
home range for fossils- h. erectus has range of 450 ha/individual.
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Africa homo erectus fossiles
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knm-wt 15000 nariokatome, kenya. lake turkana. 18. mya. 880cc. narrow pelvis and thorax. juvenile. most complete h. erectus.
ileret. has remains of both erectus and habilis from the same period. has preserved footprints. 1.55 mya.
oh9 olduvai gorge. skull. 1.47 mya
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Eurasia homo erectus fossiles
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republic of georgia. deminisi-1.8 mya. mandible associated with olduwan tools. 5 crania, more gracile and more prognathic. more primative brain size. still has modern body proportions. thought to be the first to leave africa, very early very primitive h. erectus.
zhoukodian, nanjing, he…
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levalios technique
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make a tool on core an chip it off. used by archaic homo sapiens 250 kya.
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controlled fire
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terra armada, nice france. 350 kya.
shonigen germany 400 kya. several hearths. wooden stave. spears.
gesher benot ya'agou. Israel. 790 kya. earliest controlled fire.
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Homo Rhodesiensis
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probably homo heidelbergensis. found in africa.
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Bodo
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middle awash ethiopia. 1250 cc. massive face huge nose, inflated cheek, no canine fossa, thick brow, achulean stone tool tech.
600 kya
homo heidelbergensis
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n'dutu
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tanzania. achulean stone tools. faunal remains. 400 kya. 1090cc. smaller face/nose, canine fossa, thin projecting brow ridge, flat cheeks.
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Dali
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180-230 kya. shaxi providence. 1100-1200cc. erectus like. thick brow and cranium, large SOT. cranial breadth high. canine fossa, flatter face, gracile zygomatic.
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Homo antecessor
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Homo antecessor is an extinct human species dating from 800,000 to 1.2 million years ago, that was discovered by Eudald Carbonell, Juan Luis Arsuaga and J. M.
found in Atapuerca, Spain
evolutionary link between H. ergaster and H. heidelbergensis??
Some scientists consider H. antece…
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ANTH 120: MIDTERM 3