ANTH120 1nd Edition Lecture 1 Outline of Current Lecture1. Origins and Variation 2. Anthropology3. Scientific Theory4. Ancient Greek Concept of Evolution5. Linnaeus (1758): Categorizing Life FormsCurrent Lecture 1. Origins and Variation 2. Origins can be: a) Geographic place b) Geologic time (mya = million years ago, kya = thousand years ago) c) Taxonomy (the science of classification) 3. Variation can be: a) Individuals (pertains to life stages; not used much in this course) b) Population-based (pertains to demographics and comparative studies) c) Comparative (pertains to differences between species)- Examples of interspecies variation include butterflies (different wing shapes, sizes and colors); bears (adapted to live in different environments); extant primates (gorilla vs mouse lemur); and extinct primates - Examples of intraspecies (within the same species) variation include butterflies, barnacles, dogs (canids), and modern humans- Anatomical variations hide genetic similarityThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.4. Anthropology: The study of all aspects of human experience. “Anthropos” is Greek for man or human. It is a social or behavioral science. a) Adaptation can be defined as:- Successful interaction between an organism and its environment.- Products of the past meet the conditions of the present.- The way that an organism survives or “makes a living”. b) There are four anthropological subfields:- Cultural - Linguistic- Biological- Archaeology c) Cultural anthropology is the study of human culture in all its complexity. Culture is the pattern of human behaviors that society uses in everyday interactions. d) Linguistic anthropology is the study of language structure, function, and change overtime. e) Archaeology is the study of behavioral patterns and material records of past humans.- An artifact is anything made or used by humans. f) Biological anthropology (also known as physical anthropology) is the study of biological and biocultural aspects of human and non-human primates. - Primate skeletal biology is the comparative analysis of primate skeletal and dental remains.- Forensic anthropology is the analysis of human remains in both legal and archaeological cases to figure out cause of death and identification.- Paleoanthropology focuses on human (human paleontology) and non-human (primate paleontology) primate fossils.2- Comparative primatology is the study of nonhuman primates to better understand human behavior.- Comparative human biology studies variation within modern human populations through adaptive and genetic means. 5. Scientific Theory a) Science depends on facts, not preference. b) Most scientists in anthropology use hypothesis testing, where facts are utilized to test hypotheses (formalized scientific questions that can be tested by data). Results will either support the hypothesis or not. c) A hypothesis is not the same as a scientific theory, which is defined specifically as:- a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that can incorporate facts, laws, inferences and tested hypotheses.- a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observation and/or experimentation.Theories are not educated guesses (like hypotheses), but rather are reliable explanations of the world. d) In order to be a scientific theory, it must:- provide a conceptual framework- be based on a coherent set of principles that explain a set of phenomena- be verifiable- be able to have new evidence worked into itModern evolutionary theory fits these criteria.6. Ancient Greek Concept of Evolution: “evol-” is Greek for “to unfold from” a) There has been interest in evolution for over 2000 years. Aristotle created the Scala Naturae, or Ladder of Life- Goal-driven, upward movement of life-forms towards greater complexity- Hierarchical, with adult males humans at the top b) The Scala Naturae doesn't take into account that organisms aren't better or worse than each other, just specially evolved to fit into each's:- niche (adaptive job)- habitat (ecological address)It is known later on as the Great Chain of Being. c) Orthogenesis is the concept of directed, goal-driven evolution. It is NOT accurate. 7. Linnaeus (1758): Categorizing Life-Forms a) As Europe explores the world and more organisms are discovered, classification becomes a problem. There's no uniform system and species are being given differentnames by different people. b) Linnaeus creates modern taxonomy.- Taxonomy is the science of classification- In 1758, he creates a hierarchical classification with binomial nomenclature- Organisms are divided into discrete taxonomic units based on discrete (exclusive; either present or absent) traits- The hierarchical system goes from most inclusive (Kingdom) to most exclusive (Subspecies) in nested taxonomic sets- Binomial nomenclature uses Latin and gives two names for each species, which isalways identified by both Genus and species names (like Homo habilis, Homo sapiens)- Another example is Canids (Canis lupis)4c) Although Linnaeus's system implies evolutionary relationships, he was NOT an evolutionist. Like most scientists of the 1700s, he believed in- Spontaneous generation of species (Poof! New species appears out of thin air)- Immutability of species (they don't change over