ANTH 120:Lab Exam
82 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
|
anterior
|
front
|
|
posterior
|
back
|
|
superior
|
above
|
|
inferior
|
below
|
|
medial
|
toward the midline
|
|
lateral
|
away from midline
|
|
proximal
|
nearest body
|
|
distal
|
furthest from body
|
|
axial skeleton
|
cranial, ear, hyoid, vertebral column, sacrum, coccyx, ribs, and sternum
|
|
flexion
|
bend
|
|
extension
|
straighten
|
|
abduction
|
move away from the body
|
|
adduction
|
move toward the body
|
|
upper limb bones
|
scapula, clavicle, humerus, ulna, radius, hand bones
|
|
lower limb bones
|
os coxa, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, foot bones
|
|
Thoracic Vertebrae
|
characterized by rib facets on sides of vertebral body (centrum) where ribs articulate with vertebrae
|
|
Cervical Vertebrae
|
characterized by two holes at side known as transverse foramina. Includes: Atlas (C1) and Axis (C2)
|
|
Lumbar Vertebrae
|
don't have transverse foramina (a cervical trait) and don't have rib facets (a thoracic trait)
|
|
upper limb bones
|
scapula, clavicle, humerus, ulna, radius, hand bones
|
|
scapula
|
located on back of torso anchors more than 20 muscles, articulates with the clavicle in from of the torso and has a weak articulation with the humerus laterally
|
|
acromion process (scapula)
|
bends forward to articulate with the clavicle at front
|
|
Glenoid Fossa (scapula)
|
joint surface where humerus articulates
|
|
Sternal end (clavicle)
|
articulates with sternum at center of chest
|
|
acromial end (clavicle)
|
articulates with the acromion process on the scapula
|
|
olecranon process
|
hooks into the olecranon fossa on the back of the humerus
|
|
radial notch
|
joint surface for radial head articulation
|
|
radial head
|
disc-shaped for rotation at the radial notch on the ulna.
|
|
hand bones
|
carpals
metacarpals
phalanges
|
|
os coxa
|
each half of the pelvis is comprised of three bones that fuse together to form the single os coxa.
|
|
Acetabulum
|
hip joint where femur articulates
|
|
femoral groove
|
place where patella glides up and down femur
|
|
foot bones
|
tarsals
metatarsals
phalanges
|
|
Primate diagnostic traits
|
1.) post-orbital bar
2.) forward facing eyes
3.) nose beneath eyes
4.) nails (not claws) with sensitive finger tips
5.) divergent hallux
|
|
% of primates that are nocturnal
|
23%
|
|
% of primates that are diurnal
|
77%
|
|
insectivorous
|
primates with an insect-based diet
|
|
Folivorous
|
primates with a foliage based diet
|
|
Frugivorous
|
primates with a fruit based diet
|
|
omnivorous
|
primates with a multi-based diet
|
|
eye size for nocturnal animals
|
large
|
|
eye size of diurnal primates
|
small
|
|
Insectivory tooth shape
|
narrow incisors. High pointed cusps on pre-molars and molars (puncture)
|
|
Teeth shape in folivory
|
narrow incisors, high crested cusps on pre-molar and molars (cut)
|
|
teeth shape on frugivory
|
broad, spatulate incisors, low rounded cusps on pre molars and molars (cut and pulp)
|
|
Teeth shape on omnivory
|
broad, spatulate incisors, anything goes on pre-molars and molars
|
|
quadrupeds
|
use four limbs equally in locomotion
|
|
leapers
|
use legs more than arms
|
|
suspensory
|
use arms more than legs
|
|
bipeds
|
walk on two legs
|
|
knuckle-walkers
|
gorillas and chimps, walk on all four but use knuckles instead of palms
|
|
limb length (quadrupedal)
|
equal arm and leg length
|
|
limb length (leaping)
|
legs longer than arms with extra long feet
|
|
limb length (suspensory)
|
arms longer than legs
|
|
Limb length (knuckle-walking)
|
rule breaking
|
|
limb length (bipedal)
|
legs longer than arms with extra short feet.
|
|
quadrupedal features
|
shoulder blades: sides of Torso, Back: long, tail,
chest:narrow,
Shoulder joints: front of torso,
Elbow: cant straighten,
wrist: inflexible,
Limb length: arms same as legs
|
|
suspensory features
|
chest: wide
back: short
shoulder blades: back of torso
shoulder joints: sides of torso
elbow: full extension
wrist: flexible
No Tail
|
|
bipedal traits
|
Pelvis: short and bowl-shaped
Tibia: platform plateau
Femur: medial angle
Foot: short, arched
Spinal column: sigmoid-shaped
limb length: legs > arms. both longer than torso
Hallux: short, robust, cannot grasp
|
|
habituation
|
the presence of a researcher can impact the behavior of wild animals until the are "habituated" to (are used to) the researchers presence
|
|
qualitative data
|
narrative descriptions are provocative and provide insights on individuals. however, they provide very limited data on group behavior as a whole
|
|
quantitative
|
if we want to understand group behaviors, we need quantitative data. this requires breaking behaviors down into variables that can be recorded and quantified for frequency
|
|
long-term field studies
|
provided insights on group dynamics over time, the effects of social survival
|
|
Hominoid Miocene traits (25-5 mya)
|
brain > face,
wide nasal base
y5 molars
suspensory upper body
no tail
|
|
when and why did apes decline?
|
17-14 mya, temps dropped and climate became drier. Apes began to retreat along with the forests
|
|
1st confirmed humans? epoch? traits?
|
Pliocene epoch
mix of cranio-dental traits (mostly apelike)
ALL bipedal
|
|
australopithecus dental
|
broad, spatulate incisors, intermediate canines, medium sized cheek teeth
|
|
paranthropus dental
|
small incisors, small canines, huge cheek teeth
|
|
Bipedal trait from 4.2 mya
|
tibia with platform plateau
|
|
bipedal trait from 3.7 mya
|
pelvis: short and bowl shaped
Tibia: platform plateau
Femur: medial angle
|
|
bipedal evidence from 3.6 mya
|
laetoli, east africa footprints
|
|
Australopithecus
fossils
|
anamensis: 4.2-3.0 mya E. Africa
afarensis: 3.7-3.0 mya E. Africa (Lucy)
Africanus: 3.0-2.0 mya S. Africa (taung child)
|
|
Paranthropus
fossils
|
Aethiopicus: 2.5-2.3 mya E. Africa (black skull)
Boisei: 2.3-1.3 mya, E. Africa (zinj)
Robustus: 2.0-1.5 mya S. Africa
|
|
H. Habilis
(time/geographic range)
brain size
|
2.0 mya
East and South Africa
680 cc
|
|
H. Erectus
time/geographic range
brain size
|
1.9 mya
Africa, E. Europe, Asia
870 cc
|
|
H. heidelbergensis
time/geographic range
brain size
|
1 mya
Africa, Europe, Asia
1200 cc
|
|
H. neanderthalensis
time/geographic range
brain size
|
300-27 kya
Europe, W. Asia
1450 cc
|
|
H. sapiens
time/geographic range
brain size
|
200 kya-now
Africa, World wide
1350 cc
|
|
association w/ oldowan tools (2.5 mya)
|
homo habilis
|
|
association w/ acheulean tools (1.65 mya)
|
Homo erectus
Homo heidelbergensis
|
|
association w/ mousterian tools (300 kya)
|
H. neanderthalensis
|
|
association w/
blade tools(200kya)
|
homo sapiens
|
|
nariokotome
turkana youth
|
discovered in 1984
east africa
1.6mya
complete cranium, jaw, teeth, and 70% of the skeleton
male
11-12 years old
|
ANTH 120: MIDTERM 3