BZ 300: FINAL EXAM
37 Cards in this Set
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Social Behavior Benefits (8)
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Protection, food, info, division of labor, offspring care, thermal advantages, repro stimulation
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Social Behavior Costs (6)
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Competition/Aggression, disease, interference, predation, inbreeding, misdirected parental care
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Hamilton's Rule
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B/C > 1/r
B=benefits, C=costs, r=relatedness
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Why don't groups grow exponentially?
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Food competition, predator attraction, vigilance plateaus
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Linear Hierarchy
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Pecking order, A>B>C>D
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Depotic
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Alpha - one is dominant over the rest
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Coalition Based
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A>B, A>C
BUT B+C>A
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Bachelor Herds
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group of young males that aren't strong enough to earn a good rank so they group together for benefits - but can't mate
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Wild wolves vs. dogs
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Wolves-Less agonistic aggression with each other, less hierarchy
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Classical Fitness
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Darwin's idea of fitness, inherited
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Inclusive Fitness
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Shared fitness with siblings (reason to save them)
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Kin Selection
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How much does saving a sibling save your genetic info (2 siblings/8 cousins)
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Reproductive Skew
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Members of a group differ in repro potential
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Social Contract for cooperation
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Reciprocal altruism
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Diplodiploid sex determination
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Both males and females are diploid
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Hapolodiploid sex determination
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Females=diploid
Males=haploid
(males are from unfertilized egg)
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Diplodiploid probability of full sibs getting same gene from 1 parent
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1/4 = 1/2 * 1/2
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Diplodiploid: probability of full sibs getting same gene from BOTH parents
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1/2 = 1/4 * 1/4
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Haplodiploid sisters are...
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more related to each other than to mother or daughter
(1/4 * 1/2 = 3/4)
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Dulosis
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Slave-making ants, capture from other brood
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Sociable Weavers
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Single large nest, cooperative brood care
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Spotted hyenas
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Aggression is important, live in clans w/ female linear domiance, communal nursing, fission-fusion
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Lions
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Pride~15 females, males defend-don't hunt, males disperse, fission-fusion
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Chimpanzee
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Fission-fusion, females move among groups, kinship less important but reciprocity important.
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Fission-Fusion
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A social group where the size/composition is changing (ex: all together to sleep at night, but forage separately)
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Allometric Growth
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Different parts grow at different times - disproportionate growth (ex: body ratio of human babies differs from human adults)
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Caste Differentiation
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Growth differs depending on future job
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Primitive Eusociality
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Little morphological difference between queen and others - capable of doing stuff (paper wasps)
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Highly Eusocial
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Highly differentiated queen (multiple queens more common) (ex - yellow jackets)
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Sting autonomy
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Stinger breaks off, continues to inject toxin, bee buzzes around victim until death
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Thrips vs. Aphids
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Thrips are haplodiploid
Aphids are diploid
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Stigmergy
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Problem in nest stimulates termites to repair
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Claustral ants Queen
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Queen only does repro, lives off reserves
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Semi-claustral Queen
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Queen occasionally forages
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Bumblebees vs. Honeybees
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Bumble: queen overwinters in ground, then establishes new nest. Annual Cycle, Dominance hierarchy
Honey: Highly eusocial, perennial, store nectar/pollen in wax combs, chemical control limits queens & males.
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Characteristics of successful invaders
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1. Adapt easily to novel environment
2. Dispersal behavior = lack of neophobia
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4 Issues of Reserve Design
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1. Population genetics
2. Fragmentation and edge effects
3. Special habitat requirements
4. Human/Wildlife Interactions
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Animal Behavior; Exam 2