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Weak-executive model
-The job of the chief executive is simply to implement the decisions of the legislature. -The president would have limited terms, would have no veto power, and would be allowed to exercise only the authority explicitly granted by Congress.
Strong-Executive model
Suggested the President as a strong political actor independent of Congress, with veto power, the authority to appoint judges and diplomats, and primary responsibility for foreign affairs.
What ammendments have altered the basic structure of the executive office?
The 12th, 20th, 22nd, and the 25th.
What four basic factors explain the expansion of presidential power?
1. The energy associated with individual executives. 2. Vague constitutional provisions that assertive presidents have used to broadly interpret their powers. 3. Changing public expectations of the office. 4. Congressional delegation of power and authority through law.
restricted view of presidential power
Argues that the president could exercise only the powers specifically granted by the Constitution.
stewardship doctrine
formulated by Theodore Roosevelt, arguing that the president is the steward of the people and should do anything required by the needs of the nation unless it is specifically prohibited by the Constitution.
prerogative view of presidential power
Argues that the oath of office required him both to preserve the Constitution and to take otherwise unconstitutional measures to ensure that the Constitution itself was well respected.
positive government
A government that plays a major role in meeting or preventing most major crises or problems faced by society.
Approximately how many individuals make up the institution of the presidency?
1,700 individuals; a broad variety of policy specialists and political advisors. There are experts on everything from national security to agriculture and mass communications.
4 dimensions to identify the four types of presidents.
- Active-positive - Active-negative - Passive-negative - Passive-positive
Executive Office of the President
The Executive Office of the President (EOP) consists of the immediate staff of the President of the United States, as well as multiple levels of support staff reporting to the President. The EOP is not part of the cabinet, though cabinet secretaries are members of some of its units.
White House Office
The White House Office is an entity within the Executive Office of the President of the United States; it houses the president's most influential advisors. Includes Chief of Staff, White House Legal Council, Presidential Speechwriters, the press secretary, etc.
Office of Management and Budget
The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) is a Cabinet-level office, and is the largest office within the Executive Office of the President of the United States (EOP). The OMB's predominant mission is to assist the President in overseeing the preparation of the federal budget and to sup…
National Security Council
A National Security Council (NSC) is usually an executive branch governmental body responsible for coordinating policy on national security issues and advising chief executives on matters related to national security.
Council of Economic Advisors
The Council of Economic Advisers (CEA) is a group of three respected economists who advise the President of the United States on economic policy.
hierarchical model
A method of organizing the presidency that calls for clear lines of authority and delegates responsibility from the president and through the chief of staff.
spokes-of-the-wheel model
A method of organizing the presidency that calls for the president to be the center of activity with numerous advisors reporting directly to the president.
president's primary responsibilities
Chief Executive - Commander-in-chief of the military - Chief Diplomat
executive agreements
An executive agreement takes the legal form of a contract between town nations, which does not require two-thirds approval from the senate.
what are the 3 basic roles of a party leader?
- Party organization - Party in the electorate - Party in government
5 Characteristics of bureaucracy in Weberian Model
1) Division of Labor 2) Hierarchy 3) Formal Rules 4) Maintenance of Files and Records 5) Professionalization
adjudication
A process designed to establish whether a rule has been violated.
iron triangles
Stable relationships among a clientele group, the bureaucracy managing the programs that affect the group's interests, and the congressional committees with jurisdiction over those programs.
policy subsystems
Interaction of actors from different institutions interested in a policy area.
bounded rationality
In game theory, bounded rationality is a concept based on the fact that rationality of individuals is limited by the information they have, the cognitive limitations of their minds, and the finite amount of time they have to make decisions.
bounded rationality
In game theory, bounded rationality is a concept based on the fact that rationality of individuals is limited by the information they have, the cognitive limitations of their minds, and the finite amount of time they have to make decisions.
Satisficing
Humans consider possible alternatives until they find one that in their view is good enough to solve the problem at hand and choose it, even though it might not be the "best" solution.
Overhead democracy
The idea that citizens can exercise indirect control over bureaucracy: Voters will hold elected officials accountable for their actions through their votes, and elected officials will hold bureaucracies accountable for their actions.
Police Patrol Oversight
Politicians vigorously exercise their oversight responsibilities, systematically monitoring the bureaucracy to ensure that it is acting in accordance with democratically expressed wishes in much the same way that police officers patrol city streets to spot and deter crime; it rarely pays …
Fire alarm oversight
Oversight that becomes active only when there is evidence of bureaucratic wrongdoing. Sometimes the fire alarms are kept silent.
Agency Capture
A term used to describe when an agency seems to operate for the benefit of those whom it is supposed to regulate
sunshine laws
Statutes that require that bureaucratic decisions be made in public meetings. These laws give individual citizens and interest groups the tools to keep tabs on what the bureaucracy does.
legislative veto
a provision in a law that allows Congress to reject a proposed action by a public agency.
Appointment Power
Allows the president to choose a wide range of subordinates.
impoundment
the ability to delay approved expenditures.
Executive Orders
Directives that have the force of law even though they are not passed by Congress.
Legislative intent
The court seeks to determine whether the agency's actions are authorized by the relevant law passed by Congress.
Standards of due process
The procedural guarantees provided to ensure fair treatment and constitutional rights.
Contracting Out
Hiring a private organization rather than creating a gov't bureaucracy to deliver a public service.
Principle-agent model
Derived from rational choice theory; is based on the idea of a relationship between a boss who wants some work done (the principle) and an employee who actually does the work (the agent). This model is pretty much how traditional bureaucracy works.
adverse selection
not knowing the abilities of an agent
moral hazard
not knowing the effort of an agent.
Judicial power
refers to the authority of courts to interpret and apply the law in particular cases.
jurisdiction
the types of cases and controversies federal courts can hear
senatorial courtesy
...
formal powers of the president
...
commander in chief clause
power of the president to send troops

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