WFSC 302: EXAM 1
180 Cards in this Set
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Extant
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still living
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Extinct
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dead
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Binomial
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two part name
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Taxon (sing. taxa)
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hierarchical categories
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• Phenetic
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classification of groups based on similarities
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• Convergence
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unrelated organisms developing similar traits
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• Phylogenetics
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systematics to discover the natural groups
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• Clades (sing. clade)
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natural groups (all members come from common ancestor)
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• Cladogram
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phylogenetic trees
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• Monophyletic
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most recent common ancestor and all its descendants
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• Paraphyletic
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most recent common ancestor and some of its descendants
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• Polyphyletic
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some descendants without their common ancestor
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• Apomorphy
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away from the ancestral condition
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• Synapomorphy
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Apomorphic character shared by more than one taxon
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• Plesiomorphy
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the ancestral character (similar to the ancestral condition)
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the ancestral character (similar to the ancestral condition)
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a pleisiomorphic character shared by multiple taxa (tells us nothing)
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• Autapomorphy
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a derived character unique to a single taxa
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Parsimony
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cladogram needing the least amount of change (fewest notches)
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• Sistergroup(s)
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closest relatives of a unit in a cladogram
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• Homoplastic
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traits that result from a convergence
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cladograms are...
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...phylogenetic hypotheses
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Creator of cladistics
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Willi Hennig
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• Ectoderm
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outer layer (integument)
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Endoderm
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inner layer (gut lining)
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Mesoderm
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middle layer (muscles and many organs)
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• Metazoa
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multicellular animals
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• Eumetazoa
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subcategory of metazoa, all animals other than porifera
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Traits of Eumetazoa
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Germ layers present, true tissues and organs, mouth and digestive system present
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Porifera
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subcategory of metazoa
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Traits of Porifera
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No germlayers, no true tissues or organs, intracellular digestion
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• Bilateria
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all eumetazoans except radiate animals
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Traits of bilateria
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bilateral symmetry, triploblastic
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Radiate animals
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cnidaria and ctenophora
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radiate animal traits
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diploblastic, radial symmetry, schizocoelous
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Acoelous
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without coelum
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Coelous
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with coelum
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• Protostomata
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animals with schizocoeleous development (blastopore forms mouth)
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Deuterostomata
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animals with enterocoelous development (blastopore forms anus)
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Groups of deuterostome animals are
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hemichordata, echinodermata, xenoturbellida, and chordata
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Hemichordata
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phylum of Deuterostomata, acorn worms
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Why Hemichordata was thought to be sister group to chordata
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they possess pharyngeal slits
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• Echinodermata
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phylum of Deuterostomata, starfish
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Xenoturbellida
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phylum of Deuterostomata
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Ambulacraria
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phylums Hemichordata and Echinodermata
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Chordata
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phylum of Deuterostomata
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Traits of Chordata
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notochord present at some stage of development, single dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal pouches and slits, post anal tail, segmented body (metameric) including segmented muscle blocks (myomeres) in at least the tail region, Endostyle present, ventral heart with dorsal and ventral bloo…
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• Urochordata
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subphylum of Chordata, sea-squirts, ~2000
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traits of urochordata
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sessile, blob-like, filter feed with basketlike pharynx, 2 body openings (incurrent and excurrent), simple circulatory and digestive system, tail and notochord in planktonic stage but lost, larvaceans don't lose them (paedomorphis)
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• Cephalochordata
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subphylum of Chordata, lancelets, ~22
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Traits of cephalachordata
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body with 3 openings (mouth surrounded by cirri has wheel organ, atriopore, anus), well developed circulatory and digestive systems, well developed notochord down whole body, myomeres better developed than Urochordata
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• Vertebrata
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subphylum of Chordata, myxinoformes and all other vertebrates,
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Traits of vertebrata
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chordates that possess a cranium that surrounds enlarged anterior part of nerve cord, brain with 3 regions (forebrain (telencephalon) unique to vertebrates), two or more semicircular canals in inner ear, optic auditory and olfactory organs paired, atrium absent, well developed circulator…
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Vertbata + Cephalachordata
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1. Well developed circulatory system with a
pump (heart-like structure) that forces blood
through the pharynx and a dorsal aorta that
distributes blood to the body
2. Podocytes, special excretory cells (in
vertebrates these are found in the kidney)
3. Myomeres - distinct blocks of m…
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Vertebrata + Urochordata
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• More recent view of chordate relationships based on
DNA evidence.
• The name Olfactores has been proposed for this
grouping
• Those in favor of this hypothesis suggest that the
characters shared between cephalochordates and
vertebrates may be plesiomorphic characters rather
than …
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Craniata
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old name for Vertbrata
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Notochord
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cartilaginous skeletal rod supporting the body
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Atrium
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large opening in the body for filter feeding
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Wheel organ
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organ in mouth of lancelets that has ciliated ridges that facilitate movement of water into the mouth
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Endostyle
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thyroid in vertebrates, ciliated groove in pharynx of Urochordata, Cephalochordata, and lamprey larvae that produces mucus to gather food particles
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Pharyngeal pouches
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pouch between pharyngeal arches that becomes gills
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Neural crest
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4th germ layer derived from neural plate
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Neural crest forms
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Gill-arch skeleton (Cartilage in particular)
- Complex sensory organs of the head (such as nose, eyes and inner ear) and body (including
the lateral line system)
- Melanocytes (pigment cells)
- Connective tissue of the heart
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Hox genes
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govern development along long axis of body, doubling of these allowed for more complex bodies
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Cambrian Period
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~540-480 mya, burgess shale (Canada) and Yunnan, contains earliest chordates and protovertebrates, first appearance of chordates
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Haikouella
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300 fossils, likely had neural crest, making it sister group to vertebrata
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True Vertebrates
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All vertebrates minus myxinoidea
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True Vertebrate synapimorphies
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Presence of vertbrae
- Well developed eyes - with extrinsic eye musculature
- Pineal eye - "third eye" on top of head
- Lateral line sensory system on head and body
- Capacity for electroreception
- Two or more semi-circular canals in inner ear
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Cristazoans
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chordates possessing a neural crest (haikouella, hagfishes, all vertebrates)
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Placoderms
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first jawed vertebrates, "plate skin", tooth plates not teeth
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Eugnathostomata
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vertebrates with teeth (syanapomorphy)
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Teeth
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hard mineralized structures of the dermis, pulp surrounded by dentine surrounded by enamel
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Dentition
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development of teeth and their arrangement in the mouth
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Pulp cavity
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center of tooth
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• Homodont
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one type of tooth in jaw
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Heterodont
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multiple types of teeth in jaw
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Polyphodont
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teeth are constantly being replaced through life
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Chondrichthyes
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class of eugnathostoma, cartilaginous fishes, appeared in Silurian period through today
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traits of chondrichthyans
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pelvic claspers, placoid scales (have pulp cavity and outer layer of dentine), and calcified cartilage (cartilage covered by mineralized layer of calcium)
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stem group
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paraphyletic group of only extinct taxa
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crown group
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monophyletic group, defined based on derived characteristics of extant taxa and can have extinct as well
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Tessarae
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block like deposits of calcium
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Holocephali
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group of chondrichthys, ratfishes
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Holocephali traits
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extant cartilaginous fishes with 1 gill opening, head clasper, autostylic jaws (palatoquadrate is fused to cranium), plate like teeth,large spine at start of dorsal fin, bifurcated claspers
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Elasmobranchii
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group of chondrichthys, most cartilaginous fishes
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Elasmobranchii traits
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extant cartilaginous fishes with 5-7 gill openings, ampullae of lorenzi used to detect weak electrical signals
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Neoselachii
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crown group of elasmobranchii
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Amphistylic
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jaw suspension where jaw is not attached to the skull
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Holostylic
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jaw suspension in fishes where the jaw is attached to the skull
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Autostylic
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jaw suspension in fishes where the jaw is attached to the skull
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Galeomorpha
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normal shark w/ anal fin, gill openings on side of head
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Squaleomorpha
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atypical shark w/o anal fin, gill openings on side of head
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Batoidea
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rays, skates, ray like sharks, lack anal fin, gill openings on ventral surface of head, Pectoral fins are enlarged and confluent with head - forming broad anterior end
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Matrotrophy
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live birth, embryo receives most of its nourishment from reproductive tract of female
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Lecithotrophy
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egg birth, embryo receives most of its nourishment from yolk
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Osteichthyes
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bony fishes
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osteichthyan traits (synapomorphies)
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presence of endochondral bone, gas filled bladder, fin rays, new jaw bones (dentary, maxilla, and premaxilla)
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Sarcopterygii
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class of osteichthya, lobed finned fishes, ~27,000 species
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sarcopterygii traits
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complex enamel coating (true enamel), pectoral and pelvic fins lobate
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Actinopterygii
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class of osteichthya, ray finned fishes, ~30,000 species (fin rays not unique)
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Actinopterygian innovations
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- Elasmoid scales are thin and flexible
- Homocercal caudal fin
- premaxilla freed from cranium and pharyngeal jaws developed
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Premaxilla
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front upper jaw
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Maxilla
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back upper jaw
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Dentary
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lower jaw
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Endochondral bone
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bone that forms within cartilage and replaces it eventually
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Lepidotrichia
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lightweight dermal bones (fin rays)
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Paleoniscoids"
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extinct actinopterygians
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Polypteriformes
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extant actinoperygian, bichir, ~15
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Acipenseriformes
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extant actinoperygian, sturgeon, ~30
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Lepisosteiformes
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extant actinoperygian, gar, 7
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Amiiformes
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extant actinoperygian, bowfin, 1
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Teleostei
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extant actinoperygian, seahorse, ~30,000 (marine and freshwater)
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teleostei success is because
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jaws no longer attached to cranium (bass eating), pharyngeal jaws, homocercal caudal fin
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• Ganoid scales
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small, light, bony scales (smaller than bony plates)
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Ganoine
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substance derived from enameloid
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Elasmoid scales
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thin, light weight, flexible scales
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Cycloid
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type of Elasmoid scale
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Ctenoid
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type of Elasmoid scale
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Swimbladder
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gas filled sac formed from the anterior portion of he gut
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Heterocercal caudal fin
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asymmetrical caudal fin (pleisiomorphic condition)
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Homocercal caudal fin
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symmetrical caudal fin (unique to Teleostei)
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Oral jaws
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normal jaws/teeth
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Pharyngeal jaws
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jaws/teeth that sit in the back of the throat, fused to gill arches
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Ostariophysi
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dominates freshwater, have weberian apparatus
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Weberian Apparatus
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complex structure that transfers vibrations from swim bladder to inner ear, can hear extremely well, unique to otophysi
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Cypriniformes
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order of otophyson, lack teeth on highly protrusible oral jaws, minnows
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Siluriformes
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order of otophyson, possess barbels and venom glands, catfish
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Characiformes
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order of otophyson, heterodonts with well developed teeth in oral jaws
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Gymnotiformes
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south american electric fishes, order of ostariophysi, have modified muscles that can
produce weak electrical currents
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Acanthopterygii
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marine, dominates salt water, have spinous fin rays
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Actinistia
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sarcopterygian group, coelacanths, 2
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Actinisia traits
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Two dorsal fins, caudal fin symmetrical externally and internally (diphycercal caudal fin - with three lobes (upper, lower & middle)), very strange rostral organ(that senses electrical currents at the
tip of the snout)
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Coelacanthiformes
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order of Actinistia
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Latimeriidae
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family of Coelacanthiformes
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Latimeria
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genus of Latimeriidae
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Diphycercal caudal fin
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caudal fin symmetrical internally and externally
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Ceolocanth rostral organ
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very strange organ that senses electrical current at tip of the snout
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Dipnoi
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sarcopterygian group, lungfishes, 6
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dipnoi characteristics
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Diphycercal caudal fin confluent with
dorsal and anal fin, upper jaw fused to cranium (jaw suspension -just like the holocephalans), Large well developed lung (Singular, not paired like our own)
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Ceratodontiformes
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only order of Dipnoi
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Protopteridae
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family of Ceratodontiformes, African lungfishes
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Lepidosirenidae
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family of Ceratodontidae, South American lungfishes
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Ceratodontidae
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family of Ceratodontiformes, Australian lungfishes
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• Tetrapoda
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sarcopterygian group, ~27,000
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tetrapoda traits
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pectoral girdle separated from skull, presence of Zygapophyses, limbs with carpals tarsal and digits (phalanges), pelvic girdle attached to vertebral column (use exact language for exam)
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Zygapophyses
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interlocking vertebrae that resist twisting and bending, reinforce
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Sacral Region
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where the pelvic girdle attaches to the vertebral column
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• "Agnatha"
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jawless vertebrates, no longer recognized because is paraphyletic groups (would need to include jawed vertebrates as well to be monophyletic), most disappeared at end of Devonian period
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Chronogram
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phylogeny with a time axis to show time taxa existed
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Myxinoidea
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hagfishes, jawless "primitive" vertebrates
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• Myxiniformes
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hagfishes, represent most basal lineage of vertebrata around today
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myxiniformes traits
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no jaws, rudimentary eyes, well developed singular olfactory organ, slime pores, keratinized tongue
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Nasohypophysial pore
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nose of hagfish (1 opening), connected to pharynyx
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• Barbels
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a fleshy filament growing from the mouth or snout
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Epidermis
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outermost layer of skin
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Dermis
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2 layers of skin below epidermis
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Keratinous
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made of keratin, comes from skin
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Arcualia
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neural arches
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Petromyzontiformes
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lampreys, most basal extant "true vertebrate" organism
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petromyzontiformes traits
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no jaw, anguilliform, well developed eye, single nostril (not connected to pharynx), 7 gill pores (less than hagfish), keratinous teeth
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"Cyclostomata"
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lampreys and hagfishes, was paraphyletic group so removed
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Endoskeleton
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skeleton formed by cartilage, e.g. vertebrae
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Exoskeleton
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skeleton derived from the skin, comes together with endoskeleton to form singular skeleton, comes from ectoderm
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Hydroxyapatite
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complex compound of calcium and phosphorus used to form dermal tissue
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Dermal bone
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bone formed from the skin
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Dentine
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mineralized tissue
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Enameloid
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mineralized tissue
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Conodonts
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tiny microfossils composed of hydroxyapatite that are common in deposits from the late Cambrian to Triassic, do not have ghost lineage (fossil record complete for all of existence), hydroxyapatite common in vertebrates
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• "Ostracoderms"
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paraphyletic group of jawless fishes, covered in shell of bone that looked like arthropod, first to have pectoral fins (first paired fins) origin of exoskeleton
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Ostracaderm traits
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covered in shell of bone that looked like arthropod, first to have pectoral fins (first paired fins) origin of exoskeleton
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• Gnathostomata
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jawed vertebrates
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• Visceral arch
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embryonic structures that form gills and jaws
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• Gill arch
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cartilaginous rods that support gills, evolved into jaws
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Mandibular arch
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visceral arch made of upper and lower cartilage, forms front of jaw
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Meckel's cartilage
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lower arch of mandibular arch
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Palatoquadrate cartilage
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upper arch of mandibular arch
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Hyoid arch
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visceral arch made of upper and lower cartilage, forms back of jaw
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Hyomandibular cartilage
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upper arch of hyoid arch
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Hyoid cartilage
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lower arch of hyoid arch
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gnaothostomata traits
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origin of jaws (allowed for variance of predation), 2 pairs of limbs, 3 semi circular canals in inner ear
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exoskeletons contain
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dentine, enamel, and dermal bone
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WFSC 302: EXAM 1