WFSC 302 Exam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 13 - 17Lecture 13 Phylogeny of the Vertebrata Know the characteristics of Amniotes. Know the 3 different conditions of temporal fenestration.Know the signifigance of the KT boundary. What are Archosaur synaphomorphies?Amniote Characteristics: Amniotes:Tetrapods belonging to Amniota.Include turtles, lepidosaurs, mammals, reptiles, and birds.Monophyletic groupCannot lay eggs in water. Have dispensed with a free living larval stage.Anamniotes: Non-amniote vertebratesInclude majority of fishes and all amphibians.Paraphyletic groupAmniote Characteristics- Amniotic egg: egg with extraembryonic membranes surrounded by a shell.o Amniono Choriono AllantoisTemporal Fenestration:- Diapsid condition: two fenestrae behind orbit- Anapsid condition: No temporal fenestra - Synapsid condition: one fenestra behind orbitK/T Boundary:- Meteor hit earth causing huge dust cloud to block the sun- Big ectoderms (ex: dinosaurs) were unable to maintain body temperature without the sun’s energy, and went extinct.- ONLY birds and crocodilians survived of the ArchosaursArchosaurs Synaphomorpies:- Ant-orbital fenestra- (opening before the orbit)- Laterally compressed teeth with serrations- Bipedalism- Fourth trochanterLecture 14 Birds and there AncestorsWhat are bird similarities? Birds derived from what? What are the genes of interest? What are the origins of flight?Similarities:o Hollow pneumatic boneso S-shaped necko Tridactyl footo PostureTheropods: Birds derived from theropods.o Shared characteristics- Hollow pneumatic bones- S-shaped neck- Ankle joint forms between the tarsal bones rather than tarsals and tibia/fibula.- Feather precursors (true feathers)Genes of Interest:- Feather follicle precursor (placode)- Follicle differentiation 2 layers- Rachis and barbules form- Distal and proximal barbules develop- Sheetlike surface of pennaceous vaneThe origins of Flight:- 2 hypotheses:o Arboreal “from the trees down” Trees down means Archaeopteryx was arboreal and jumped from tree to tree.o Terrestrial “from the ground up”Lecture 15 (Avian Specialization)Know what feathers are made of. List the 5 types of feathers. What were the Palaeognathes? What were the Neognathes?Feathers:- Composed of spedific beta keratin- Calmus anchors feather to the skin- Rachis- Barbs- Barbules5 types of feathers:- Contour featherso Remiges- wing featherso Rectrices-tail feathers- Semiplumes- Down- Bristles- FiloplumesPalaeognathes: Tinamous and Ratites: Tinamiformes and Struthioniformeso Largest living birds (ostrich)o Many are flightless, but not all.o Examples include the ostrich, moas, elephant birds.Neognathes: Fowl and Waterfowlo Many are granivorouso Prolific breederso 95% of existing bird specieso Examples include swans, magpie goose, screamers, ducks, and geese.Lecture 16 Avian Specializations: FlightWhat is the structure of a bird? What muscles are used for flight? What are the wing types? What are the different types of feet? Bird Structure:- Feathers (5 types)o Functions: Insulation, flight, ornamental/sexual signaling- Skeleton (pneumatic bones, bone fusions)- Muscleso Flight muscle accounts for 25-35% of total body mass of strong fliers.o Swimming birds: even distribution of limb and flight muscleso Predatory birds: limb muscles account for 10% (flight 20%)o Muscle fiber types and metabolic pathways Dark meat: high capacity for aerobic metabolism: myoglobin White meat: less sustained capacity for aerobic metabolism Strong fliers: breast muscles with high aerobic metabolic capacities but this varies by flight “strategy”Muscle for flight:o Pectoralis major: pulls wings downo Supracoracoideus-lifts wing upWing Types:- Dynamic soaring- needs strong persistent windo Example: seagulls- Elliptical- for rapid or slow flight with high maneuverability.o Example: cardinal- High aspect ratio- typical of fast strong flierso Example: falcons- High lift- static soarers, marked slotting in primaries, seek out rising air masseso Example: cranesBird feet types:- Anisodactyl: hallux behind the other 3 toes (thrushes)- Zygodactyl: toes in pairs, 2 and 3 forward (parrots & woodpeckers)- Heterodactyle: like zygodactyl, but 3 and 4 forward (only in trogons)- Pamprodactyl: all toes forward (swifts)- Syndactyl: toes 3 and 4 united, broad sole (belted kingfishers)Lecture 17 Avian Specialization: Digestive SystemWhat is different about bird digestion? List the bird sensory systems and explain each one. Whatare some social behaviors and mating systems of birds?Digestive System:- Crop: enlarge portion of the esophagus- Stomach: proventriculus and gizzard- Small intestine- Large intestine- Cloaca: stores waste temporarily- Wastes: uric acidBird Sensory:- Vision- most important bird senseo Different eye shapes are a function of fitting a large eye in a small skullo Adaptions provide space for brain and large eyeso Pectino No eyelids, instead have nictitating membrane- Hearing- second most importanto Hear about as well as humans, owls are the exception Owls have a facial disk that acts as a parabolic sound reflector: Asymmetry in the shape of the disk and the skull.- Olfaction- most birds have a poorly developed sense of smello Kiwis and vultures are exceptions to thisSocial behavior & mating systems- Most are diurnal- Vision and hearing major sensory modes for birdso Color often important in social interactionso Postureso Vocalizationso Male vs. female coloration and sexual selectiono Truth in advertising- Mating Systems:o Monogamy- one mateo Polygamy- many mates Exhibited by males and females, or both sexeso Extra-pair copulations Benefits both sexes- Increase fitness and heterozygosity Male benefits:- Sire more offspring- Another male can care for offspring- Spreads reproductive investment Female benefits:- All eggs are fertilized- Increases fitness by mating with higher quality male than mate- Genetic variation in offspring helps insure some survival under varying environmental