BIOL 101: Final Exam
56 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
|
Which of the following is true about a plant with the genotype AABbcc?
|
It is homozygous at two loci.
|
|
Height in humans generally shows a normal (bell-shaped) distribution. What type of inheritance most likely determines height?
|
a combination of polygenic inheritance and environmental factors
|
|
In humans, what determines the sex of offspring and why?
|
The male gamete determines sex because each male gamete can contribute either an X or a Y chromosome.
|
|
In general, the frequency with which crossing over occurs between two linked genes depends on what?
|
how far apart they are on the chromosome
|
|
An _______ individual has either too many or too few chromosomes, usually as a result of ________.
|
aneuploid; nondisjunction
|
|
What phenomenon occurs when a particular allele will either be expressed or silenced, depending on whether it is inherited from a male or a female?
|
genomic imprinting
|
|
___________ conducted these X-ray diffraction studies of DNA.
|
Rosalind Franklin
|
|
DNA replication is said to be semiconservative. What does this mean?
|
each new double helix consists of one old and one new strand
|
|
What is true of DNA during interphase?
|
It exists as chromatin and is less condensed than mitotic chromosomes.
|
|
What is the function of helicase in DNA replication?
|
It untwists the double helix and separates the two DNA strands.
|
|
What are chromosomes made of?
|
DNA and proteins
|
|
The flow of information in a cell proceeds in what sequence?
|
DNA --> RNA --> protein
|
|
A codon consists of _____ bases and specifies which _____ will be inserted into the polypeptide chain.
|
three; amino acid
|
|
What is the function of RNA polymerase?
|
It unwinds the double helix and adds nucleotides to a growing strand of RNA.
|
|
After an RNA molecule is transcribed from a eukaryotic gene, what are removed and what are spliced together to produce an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence?
|
introns; exons
|
|
When a _____ is added to a single strand of DNA, DNA polymerase can start adding nucleotides to synthesize a complementary strand.
|
primer
|
|
What is a ribozyme?
|
a biological catalyst made of RNA
|
|
What catalyzes DNA synthesis?
|
DNA polymerase
|
|
Which endocrine gland controls: growth, lactation, fertility, body homeostasis, and stress management?
|
Pituitary gland
|
|
_______is any phenomena which alters the behavior and fitness of living organisms within a given environment.
|
Selective pressure
|
|
Three domains of life
|
domain bacteria, domain archaea, and domain eukarya
|
|
__________ are cells with membrane enclosed nuclei and membrane enclosed organelles
|
Eukaryotes
|
|
_________ are cells without membrane enclosed nuclei or organelles
|
Prokaryotes
|
|
Flow of genetic information
|
DNA --> RNA --> Protein
|
|
Atomic number
|
# of protons
|
|
Atomic mass
|
total mass of an atom
|
|
Mass number
|
# of protons + # of neutrons
|
|
What is half-life?
|
Time it takes for a quantity of radioactive isotope to decay by half
|
|
Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 16. What is the atomic mass of an oxygen atom?
|
approximately 16 Daltons
|
|
One mole of oxygen atoms would weigh what?
|
approximately 16 grams
|
|
What is the maximum number of electrons in a single 2 pz orbital of an atom?
|
two
|
|
What bond or interaction would be difficult to disrupt when compounds are put into water?
|
covalent bond
|
|
Compared with 31P, the radioactive isotope 32P has
|
one more neutron
|
|
The partial negative charge in a molecule of water occurs because
|
the electrons shared between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms spend more time around the oxygen atom nucleus than around the hydrogen atom nucleus
|
|
Water molecules are able to form hydrogen bonds with
|
compounds that have polar covalent bonds.
|
|
Why does evaporation of water from a surface cause cooling of the surface?
|
the water molecules with the most heat energy evaporate more readily
|
|
Which functional group is characteristic of alcohols?
|
Hydroxyl functional group
|
|
Which functional group helps to stabilize proteins by forming covalent cross-links within or between protein molecules?
|
Sulfhydryl functional group
|
|
Which functional group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base?
|
Amino functional group
|
|
Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to which two domains?
|
Bacteria and Archaea
|
|
How does a scientific theory differ from a scientific hypothesis?
|
Theories are usually an explanation for a more general phenomenon; hypotheses typically address more specific issues
|
|
In what way are elements in the same column of the periodic table similar? They have the same number of _____.
|
electrons in their valence shells when neutral
|
|
Can the atomic mass of an element vary?
|
Yes. Adding or losing neutrons will change the atomic mass without forming a different element
|
|
Why is carbon so important in biology?
|
It can form a variety of carbon skeletons and host functional groups
|
|
__________ are molecules that are mirror images of each other
|
enantiomers
|
|
Which of the following is not a polymer?
A) chitin
B) starch
C) glucose
D) DNA
E) cellulose
|
C) glucose
|
|
What is the chemical reaction mechanism by which cells make polymers from monomers?
|
dehydration reactions
|
|
_______ are both polymers of glucose.
|
starch and cellulose
|
|
Why are human sex hormones considered to be lipids?
|
They are not soluble in water
|
|
Which type of interaction stabilizes the α helix and the β pleated sheet structures of proteins?
|
hydrogen bonds
|
|
Which RNA molecule carries amino acids to the ribosome for incorporation into proteins?
|
tRNA
|
|
Which cell organelle is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids?
|
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
|
|
Which cell organelle modifies glycoproteins that will be secreted from the cell?
|
Golgi apparatus
|
|
In a plant cell, DNA may be found where?
|
nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts
|
|
Where is most ATP synthesis likely to occur in prokaryotic cells?
|
on the plasma membrane
|
|
A family of trans-membrane proteins that link the cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix are known as
|
Integrins
|
BIOL 101: Exam 1