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Which of the following is true about a plant with the genotype AABbcc?
It is homozygous at two loci.
Height in humans generally shows a normal (bell-shaped) distribution. What type of inheritance most likely determines height?
a combination of polygenic inheritance and environmental factors
In humans, what determines the sex of offspring and why?
The male gamete determines sex because each male gamete can contribute either an X or a Y chromosome.
In general, the frequency with which crossing over occurs between two linked genes depends on what?
how far apart they are on the chromosome
An _______ individual has either too many or too few chromosomes, usually as a result of ________.
aneuploid; nondisjunction
What phenomenon occurs when a particular allele will either be expressed or silenced, depending on whether it is inherited from a male or a female?
genomic imprinting
___________ conducted these X-ray diffraction studies of DNA.
Rosalind Franklin
DNA replication is said to be semiconservative. What does this mean?
each new double helix consists of one old and one new strand
What is true of DNA during interphase?
It exists as chromatin and is less condensed than mitotic chromosomes.
What is the function of helicase in DNA replication?
It untwists the double helix and separates the two DNA strands.
What are chromosomes made of?
DNA and proteins
The flow of information in a cell proceeds in what sequence?
DNA --> RNA --> protein
A codon consists of _____ bases and specifies which _____ will be inserted into the polypeptide chain.
three; amino acid
What is the function of RNA polymerase?
It unwinds the double helix and adds nucleotides to a growing strand of RNA.
After an RNA molecule is transcribed from a eukaryotic gene, what are removed and what are spliced together to produce an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence?
introns; exons
When a _____ is added to a single strand of DNA, DNA polymerase can start adding nucleotides to synthesize a complementary strand.
primer
What is a ribozyme?
a biological catalyst made of RNA
What catalyzes DNA synthesis?
DNA polymerase
Which endocrine gland controls: growth, lactation, fertility, body homeostasis, and stress management?
Pituitary gland
_______is any phenomena which alters the behavior and fitness of living organisms within a given environment.
Selective pressure
Three domains of life
domain bacteria, domain archaea, and domain eukarya
__________ are cells with membrane enclosed nuclei and membrane enclosed organelles
Eukaryotes
_________ are cells without membrane enclosed nuclei or organelles
Prokaryotes
Flow of genetic information
DNA --> RNA --> Protein
Atomic number
# of protons
Atomic mass
total mass of an atom
Mass number
# of protons + # of neutrons
What is half-life?
Time it takes for a quantity of radioactive isotope to decay by half
Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 16. What is the atomic mass of an oxygen atom?
approximately 16 Daltons
One mole of oxygen atoms would weigh what?
approximately 16 grams
What is the maximum number of electrons in a single 2 pz orbital of an atom?
two
What bond or interaction would be difficult to disrupt when compounds are put into water?
covalent bond
Compared with 31P, the radioactive isotope 32P has
one more neutron
The partial negative charge in a molecule of water occurs because
the electrons shared between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms spend more time around the oxygen atom nucleus than around the hydrogen atom nucleus
Water molecules are able to form hydrogen bonds with
compounds that have polar covalent bonds.
Why does evaporation of water from a surface cause cooling of the surface?
the water molecules with the most heat energy evaporate more readily
Which functional group is characteristic of alcohols?
Hydroxyl functional group
Which functional group helps to stabilize proteins by forming covalent cross-links within or between protein molecules?
Sulfhydryl functional group
Which functional group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base?
Amino functional group
Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to which two domains?
Bacteria and Archaea
How does a scientific theory differ from a scientific hypothesis?
Theories are usually an explanation for a more general phenomenon; hypotheses typically address more specific issues
In what way are elements in the same column of the periodic table similar? They have the same number of _____.
electrons in their valence shells when neutral
Can the atomic mass of an element vary?
Yes. Adding or losing neutrons will change the atomic mass without forming a different element
Why is carbon so important in biology?
It can form a variety of carbon skeletons and host functional groups
__________ are molecules that are mirror images of each other
enantiomers
Which of the following is not a polymer?  A) chitin  B) starch  C) glucose  D) DNA  E) cellulose
C) glucose
What is the chemical reaction mechanism by which cells make polymers from monomers?
dehydration reactions
_______ are both polymers of glucose.
starch and cellulose
Why are human sex hormones considered to be lipids?
They are not soluble in water
Which type of interaction stabilizes the α helix and the β pleated sheet structures of proteins?
hydrogen bonds
Which RNA molecule carries amino acids to the ribosome for incorporation into proteins?
tRNA
Which cell organelle is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Which cell organelle modifies glycoproteins that will be secreted from the cell?
Golgi apparatus
In a plant cell, DNA may be found where?
nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts
Where is most ATP synthesis likely to occur in prokaryotic cells?
on the plasma membrane
A family of trans-membrane proteins that link the cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix are known as
Integrins

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