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BIOL 101: Final Exam
Which of the following is true about a plant with the genotype AABbcc?
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It is homozygous at two loci.
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Height in humans generally shows a normal (bell-shaped) distribution. What type of inheritance most likely determines height?
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a combination of polygenic inheritance and environmental factors
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In humans, what determines the sex of offspring and why?
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The male gamete determines sex because each male gamete can contribute either an X or a Y chromosome.
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In general, the frequency with which crossing over occurs between two linked genes depends on what?
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how far apart they are on the chromosome
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An _______ individual has either too many or too few chromosomes, usually as a result of ________.
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aneuploid; nondisjunction
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What phenomenon occurs when a particular allele will either be expressed or silenced, depending on whether it is inherited from a male or a female?
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genomic imprinting
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___________ conducted these X-ray diffraction studies of DNA.
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Rosalind Franklin
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DNA replication is said to be semiconservative. What does this mean?
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each new double helix consists of one old and one new strand
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What is true of DNA during interphase?
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It exists as chromatin and is less condensed than mitotic chromosomes.
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What is the function of helicase in DNA replication?
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It untwists the double helix and separates the two DNA strands.
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What are chromosomes made of?
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DNA and proteins
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The flow of information in a cell proceeds in what sequence?
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DNA --> RNA --> protein
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A codon consists of _____ bases and specifies which _____ will be inserted into the polypeptide chain.
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three; amino acid
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What is the function of RNA polymerase?
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It unwinds the double helix and adds nucleotides to a growing strand of RNA.
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After an RNA molecule is transcribed from a eukaryotic gene, what are removed and what are spliced together to produce an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence?
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introns; exons
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When a _____ is added to a single strand of DNA, DNA polymerase can start adding nucleotides to synthesize a complementary strand.
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primer
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What is a ribozyme?
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a biological catalyst made of RNA
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What catalyzes DNA synthesis?
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DNA polymerase
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Which endocrine gland controls: growth, lactation, fertility, body homeostasis, and stress management?
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Pituitary gland
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_______is any phenomena which alters the behavior and fitness of living organisms within a given environment.
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Selective pressure
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Three domains of life
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domain bacteria, domain archaea, and domain eukarya
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__________ are cells with membrane enclosed nuclei and membrane enclosed organelles
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Eukaryotes
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_________ are cells without membrane enclosed nuclei or organelles
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Prokaryotes
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Flow of genetic information
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DNA --> RNA --> Protein
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Atomic number
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# of protons
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Atomic mass
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total mass of an atom
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Mass number
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# of protons + # of neutrons
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What is half-life?
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Time it takes for a quantity of radioactive isotope to decay by half
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Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 16. What is the atomic mass of an oxygen atom?
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approximately 16 Daltons
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One mole of oxygen atoms would weigh what?
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approximately 16 grams
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What is the maximum number of electrons in a single 2 pz orbital of an atom?
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two
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What bond or interaction would be difficult to disrupt when compounds are put into water?
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covalent bond
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Compared with 31P, the radioactive isotope 32P has
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one more neutron
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The partial negative charge in a molecule of water occurs because
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the electrons shared between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms spend more time around the oxygen atom nucleus than around the hydrogen atom nucleus
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Water molecules are able to form hydrogen bonds with
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compounds that have polar covalent bonds.
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Why does evaporation of water from a surface cause cooling of the surface?
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the water molecules with the most heat energy evaporate more readily
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Which functional group is characteristic of alcohols?
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Hydroxyl functional group
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Which functional group helps to stabilize proteins by forming covalent cross-links within or between protein molecules?
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Sulfhydryl functional group
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Which functional group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base?
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Amino functional group
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Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to which two domains?
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Bacteria and Archaea
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How does a scientific theory differ from a scientific hypothesis?
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Theories are usually an explanation for a more general phenomenon; hypotheses typically address more specific issues
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In what way are elements in the same column of the periodic table similar? They have the same number of _____.
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electrons in their valence shells when neutral
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Can the atomic mass of an element vary?
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Yes. Adding or losing neutrons will change the atomic mass without forming a different element
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Why is carbon so important in biology?
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It can form a variety of carbon skeletons and host functional groups
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__________ are molecules that are mirror images of each other
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enantiomers
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Which of the following is not a polymer?
A) chitin
B) starch
C) glucose
D) DNA
E) cellulose
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C) glucose
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What is the chemical reaction mechanism by which cells make polymers from monomers?
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dehydration reactions
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_______ are both polymers of glucose.
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starch and cellulose
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Why are human sex hormones considered to be lipids?
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They are not soluble in water
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Which type of interaction stabilizes the α helix and the β pleated sheet structures of proteins?
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hydrogen bonds
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Which RNA molecule carries amino acids to the ribosome for incorporation into proteins?
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tRNA
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Which cell organelle is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids?
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smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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Which cell organelle modifies glycoproteins that will be secreted from the cell?
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Golgi apparatus
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In a plant cell, DNA may be found where?
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nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts
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Where is most ATP synthesis likely to occur in prokaryotic cells?
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on the plasma membrane
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A family of trans-membrane proteins that link the cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix are known as
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Integrins
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