111 Cards in this Set
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Another name for anterior pituitary gland.
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Adenohypophysis - Proper gland; glandular tissue
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6 hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
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GH, TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, and PRL
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Growth hormone is sometimes referred to as what?
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Somatotropic hormone because it secretes somatic (body) cells
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Function of Growth Hormone
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allows bone to grow taller; conserves glucose into blood
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IGF
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somatomedins (stimulate GH secretion); insulin like growth hormone; growth promoting actions
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2 Hormones secreted by hypothalamus, that regulate GH that are antigonistic
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GHRH and GHIH
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GHRH function
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(Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone)
Hypo-secretes and stimulates cells to secretion of GH
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GHIH
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(Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone)
Inhibits GH release; stops stimulation - somatostatin
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Increase in GH and IGFs inhibits what?
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GH and GHRH
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Growth Hormone Deficiency in children
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Pituitary Dwarfism
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Pituitary Dwarfism symtoms
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- Slows bone growth
- Shorter than 4'7
- Not midgets - bodies are proportional
- Hypoglycemia
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Treatments for Pituitary Dwarfism
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GH replacement therapy before puberty
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Growth hormone deficiency in adults
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- Doesn't cause you to become shorter because you don't have GH
- Hypoglycemia
- Loss of lean tissue because you lose IGFs
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Growth Hormone Excess in children
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Pituitary Gigantism
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Pituitary Gigantism symptoms
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- Never stop growing until death or until removal of tumor
- Tumor produces GH that is not regulated by GHRH or GHIH
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Growth Hormone Excess in adults
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Acromegaly
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Acromegaly symptoms
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- Taller the earlier in life it occurs
- Developed after growth plates have sealed
- Long arms, big jaw, long legs
- Hyperglycemia
- Die as young middle age adults
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TSH - Thyrotropin
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Produced by thyroid gland and sits at level of clavical
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TRH
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released by hypothalamus to stimulate secretion of TSH
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TSH's target gland?
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Thyroid Gland
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TSH stimulates secretion of what hormones?
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T3 and T4 (thyroid hormones)
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What decreases stimulation of TRH (also GHIH)?
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When thyroid hormone levels go up in the blood, then circulates to inhibit hypothalamus
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ACTH - Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
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Role in stress response and stimulates release of cortisol
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CRH
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secreted by hypothalamus to stimulate release of ACTH
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ACTH's target gland?
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Adrenal Gland
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Cortisol
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Provides glucose which increases body temp. to wake you up in the morning
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2 Gonadotropins
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FSH & LH
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FSH function
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Activate sperm/egg
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LH function
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production of sex steroids(testosterone and estrogen)
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GnRH
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secreted by hypothalamus and stimulates release of FSH and LH
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FSH and LH target gland?
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testes/ovaries
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PRL - prolactin
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Gateway hormone; activates mammary glands and stimulates milk production
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PIH
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(Prolactin inhibiting hormone)
Inhibits the hypothalamus to inhibit PRH and PRL release
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When is PIH dominate and when is it *inhibited?
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Dominate until after 48 hours after *suckling
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PRH
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(Prolactin releasing hormone)
secreted by hypothalamus to stimulate secretion of PRL
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PRL target gland?
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mammary glands
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What feedback is PRL under?
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None. PRL does not inhibit PRH
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Overproduction of PRL results in what for men and women?
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Men: impotence and breast enlargement
Women: inappropriate milk production
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Another name for posterior pituitary gland.
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Neurohypophysis - not a proper gland; neural tissue
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2 Posterior pituitary gland secretes what two hormones?
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Oxytocin and ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
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Oxytocin function
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- induce labor
- stimulates uterine contractions
- works best after 5 minutes
- enhances let down reflex for nursing purposes
- role in pleasure/orgasm
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ADH function
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- regulates body water to prevent dehydration
- do not produce urine in large quantities
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What triggers ADH secretion?
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When salt concentrations/electrolytes go up (from sweating)
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Osmoreception
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measures salt concenctrations (in ADH)
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Where does ADH exert its biological effects?
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on the kidneys where urine is produced; absorbs water/sodium
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Aquaporons
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allow us to access and recover the remaining H2O (in ADH)
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Little Urine
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Highly concentrated
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ADH deficiency
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Diabetes Insipidous
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Diabetes Insipidous symptoms
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- abnormal increase in urine output and fluid intake
=- "Tasteless urine"
- Sterile/diluted urine - a lot of urine
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Nocturia
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ADH deficiency; awake at night a lot to pee
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Enuresis
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ADH deficiency; involuntary peeing during sleep
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Cause of ADH deficiencies
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Death of ADH productions cells in hypothalamus/posterior pituitary gland
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ADH overproduction
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SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion)
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SIADH symptoms
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- retain water = bloated
- Hyponatremia - low sodium concentrations
- concentrated urine - little urine
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Cause of SIADH
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- Hypervolemia
- ADH secreting tumor (non-pituitary)
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2 hormones secreted by the thyroid gland
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Thyroid hormone (T3 & T4) and Calcitonin
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T3 and T4
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Permissive hormone (makes other hormones function better)
- 2 amino acids
- Have iodine boundary: tyrosine with iodine
- Lipid soluble
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6 functions of Thyroid hormone
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1. Increase metabolic rate* (main one)
2. Increase heat production
3. Maintains blood pressure
4. Regulates bone and muscle growth
5. Maturation
6. Developing skeletal and nervous systems
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What inhibits Thyroid hormone
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Thyroid hormone; it inhibits hypothalamus and stops the pathway
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Hypo-thyroid disorder in children
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Cretinism
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Cretinism symptoms
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retardation; slows development and growth delayed; thickens neck;
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Cause and treatment for cretinism
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Iodine deficiency; treat with iodine salt
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Hypo-thyroid disorder in adults
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Myxedema
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Myxedema symptoms
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- No developmental delays because already fully developed
- Low metabolic rate
- Lethargic
- Cold
- Scaly skin
- Gain weight (mostly adipose)
- No mental retardation
- Goiter
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Cause of myxedema
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Due to low production because something is wrong with the thyroid - destroyed
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Treatment of myxedema
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Get synthetic made thyroid
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Goiter
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swollen thyroid gland; accumulates unusable colloid
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Hyper-thyroid disorder
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Grave's disease
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Grave's disease definition
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autoimmune disorder where stimulation causes overproduction of thyroid hormone
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Grave's disease symptoms
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- Hot, sweat profusely
- Become thin/gaut
- Goiter
- Exophthalmos
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Grave's disease cause
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immune system is attacking the thyroid gland
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Calcitonin
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secreted when blood calcium levels are high (when you drink milk)
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Calcitonin action
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inhibit osteoclasts and excites osteoblasts to build bone/put calcium into the bone
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Hormone secreted by parathyroid gland
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PTH (parathyroid hormone)
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PTH is antagonistic to what other hormone?
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Calcitonin
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PTH function
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inhibits osteoblasts and excites osteoclasts/ takes calcium out of bone into the blood
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When is PTH secreted?
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When blood calcium levels are low; when calcium blood levels rise to normal decreases PTH secretion
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Hyper-parathyroidism
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overproduction of PTH
- promotes osteoclasts
- weakens bones
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Cause of hyper-parathyroidism
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Parathyroid gland tumor
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Hypo-parathyroidism
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low production of PTH
- promotes osteoblasts
- Hypocalcemia
- Causes spontaneous membrane depolarization
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Cause of hypo-parathyroidism
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Parathyroid gland trauma- removal during thyroid surgery
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What two regions make up the adrenal glands
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1. Cortex
2. Medulla
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3 zones within cortex secrete what steroid hormones
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Mineralcorticoids, Glucocorticoids, and Gonadocorticoids
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Mineralcorticoid
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2nd hormone that regulates body water; stimulates reabsorption of sodium and water through the kidneys also known as aldosterone regulation
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High potassium concentrations in the blood
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Low heart rate
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Aldosterone function
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cells sense high potassium level, then stimulate cells within kidneys to reabsorb sodium and also H2O and pump out potassium; causes blood volume to increase as it increases
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Recovering sodium results in what?
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expanding total body water and increase plasma volume and pressure
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RAAS
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Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone system
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RAAS function
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sensitive to potassium but also to blood pressure
- kidneys detect low blood pressure then secrete renin
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Renin function
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an enzyme that activates a pathway which results in production of angiotensin 2
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Angiotensin 2
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stimulates secretion of aldosterone
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ACTH can also stimulate secretion of what hormone?
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Aldosterone (weak secretion)
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ANP
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secreted when heart is over stretched/blood volume is too high; inhibits aldosterone secretion
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Inhibiting aldosterone secreting by ANP results in what?
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excretion of more sodium in urine and water retention goes down (pee more) = lower blood volume
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Hypo-aldosteronism
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Addison's disease
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Addison's disease 2 hormones
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Mineralcorticoids and Glucocorticoids
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Symptoms of Addison's disease
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- Hypobulimic - low blood volume
- Dehydrated
- Hypotension - Low blood pressure
- Low sodium and water concentrations
- High potassium concentrations
- Low blood glucose - cortisol
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Cortisol
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- High in the morning low in day/night
- After secreted, recovers sodium and water - long term mechanism to regulate body H2O
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Hyper-aldosteronism
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- extreme sodium reabsorption
- Potassium levels low
- Hypertension - blood pressure/high blood volume
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Cause of hyper-aldosteronism
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Tumor in adrenal gland; growth of tissue causes overproduction
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Glucocorticoid inhibits what two hormones?
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CRH and ACTH
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Glucocorticoid main function?
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wants to raise blood glucose ** (4 stars)
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*Glucogenesis
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formation from non glucose sources
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*Proteolysis
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breakdown of proteins
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*Insulin resistance
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convinces cells that don't need glucose to not take it up and use it to spare it for the brain
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*Lipolyiss
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uses fat for fuel
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*Immune function
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suppresses portions of immune system (Cortisol does this)
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2 diseases related to hypersecretion of aldosterone
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Cushings disesase and Cushings syndrome
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Cushings syndrome
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excess glucocorticoid
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Cushings disease
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specifically increase of ACTH
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Cushing disease symptoms
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- Buffalo Hump on neck
- Hyperglycemia - Increase blood sugar
- Muscle atrophy
- Loss bone mass
- Pour wound healing
- retain H2O
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EXSC 224: Test 2