View
- Term
- Definition
- Both Sides
Study
- All (111)
Shortcut Show
Next
Prev
Flip
EXSC 224: Exam 2
Another name for anterior pituitary gland.
|
Adenohypophysis - Proper gland; glandular tissue
|
6 hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
|
GH, TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, and PRL
|
Growth hormone is sometimes referred to as what?
|
Somatotropic hormone because it secretes somatic (body) cells
|
Function of Growth Hormone
|
allows bone to grow taller; conserves glucose into blood
|
IGF
|
somatomedins (stimulate GH secretion); insulin like growth hormone; growth promoting actions
|
2 Hormones secreted by hypothalamus, that regulate GH that are antigonistic
|
GHRH and GHIH
|
GHRH function
|
(Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone)
Hypo-secretes and stimulates cells to secretion of GH
|
GHIH
|
(Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone)
Inhibits GH release; stops stimulation - somatostatin
|
Increase in GH and IGFs inhibits what?
|
GH and GHRH
|
Growth Hormone Deficiency in children
|
Pituitary Dwarfism
|
Pituitary Dwarfism symtoms
|
- Slows bone growth
- Shorter than 4'7
- Not midgets - bodies are proportional
- Hypoglycemia
|
Treatments for Pituitary Dwarfism
|
GH replacement therapy before puberty
|
Growth hormone deficiency in adults
|
- Doesn't cause you to become shorter because you don't have GH
- Hypoglycemia
- Loss of lean tissue because you lose IGFs
|
Growth Hormone Excess in children
|
Pituitary Gigantism
|
Pituitary Gigantism symptoms
|
- Never stop growing until death or until removal of tumor
- Tumor produces GH that is not regulated by GHRH or GHIH
|
Growth Hormone Excess in adults
|
Acromegaly
|
Acromegaly symptoms
|
- Taller the earlier in life it occurs
- Developed after growth plates have sealed
- Long arms, big jaw, long legs
- Hyperglycemia
- Die as young middle age adults
|
TSH - Thyrotropin
|
Produced by thyroid gland and sits at level of clavical
|
TRH
|
released by hypothalamus to stimulate secretion of TSH
|
TSH's target gland?
|
Thyroid Gland
|
TSH stimulates secretion of what hormones?
|
T3 and T4 (thyroid hormones)
|
What decreases stimulation of TRH (also GHIH)?
|
When thyroid hormone levels go up in the blood, then circulates to inhibit hypothalamus
|
ACTH - Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
|
Role in stress response and stimulates release of cortisol
|
CRH
|
secreted by hypothalamus to stimulate release of ACTH
|
ACTH's target gland?
|
Adrenal Gland
|
Cortisol
|
Provides glucose which increases body temp. to wake you up in the morning
|
2 Gonadotropins
|
FSH & LH
|
FSH function
|
Activate sperm/egg
|
LH function
|
production of sex steroids(testosterone and estrogen)
|
GnRH
|
secreted by hypothalamus and stimulates release of FSH and LH
|
FSH and LH target gland?
|
testes/ovaries
|
PRL - prolactin
|
Gateway hormone; activates mammary glands and stimulates milk production
|
PIH
|
(Prolactin inhibiting hormone)
Inhibits the hypothalamus to inhibit PRH and PRL release
|
When is PIH dominate and when is it *inhibited?
|
Dominate until after 48 hours after *suckling
|
PRH
|
(Prolactin releasing hormone)
secreted by hypothalamus to stimulate secretion of PRL
|
PRL target gland?
|
mammary glands
|
What feedback is PRL under?
|
None. PRL does not inhibit PRH
|
Overproduction of PRL results in what for men and women?
|
Men: impotence and breast enlargement
Women: inappropriate milk production
|
Another name for posterior pituitary gland.
|
Neurohypophysis - not a proper gland; neural tissue
|
2 Posterior pituitary gland secretes what two hormones?
|
Oxytocin and ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
|
Oxytocin function
|
- induce labor
- stimulates uterine contractions
- works best after 5 minutes
- enhances let down reflex for nursing purposes
- role in pleasure/orgasm
|
ADH function
|
- regulates body water to prevent dehydration
- do not produce urine in large quantities
|
What triggers ADH secretion?
|
When salt concentrations/electrolytes go up (from sweating)
|
Osmoreception
|
measures salt concenctrations (in ADH)
|
Where does ADH exert its biological effects?
|
on the kidneys where urine is produced; absorbs water/sodium
|
Aquaporons
|
allow us to access and recover the remaining H2O (in ADH)
|
Little Urine
|
Highly concentrated
|
ADH deficiency
|
Diabetes Insipidous
|
Diabetes Insipidous symptoms
|
- abnormal increase in urine output and fluid intake
=- "Tasteless urine"
- Sterile/diluted urine - a lot of urine
|
Nocturia
|
ADH deficiency; awake at night a lot to pee
|
Enuresis
|
ADH deficiency; involuntary peeing during sleep
|
Cause of ADH deficiencies
|
Death of ADH productions cells in hypothalamus/posterior pituitary gland
|
ADH overproduction
|
SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion)
|
SIADH symptoms
|
- retain water = bloated
- Hyponatremia - low sodium concentrations
- concentrated urine - little urine
|
Cause of SIADH
|
- Hypervolemia
- ADH secreting tumor (non-pituitary)
|
2 hormones secreted by the thyroid gland
|
Thyroid hormone (T3 & T4) and Calcitonin
|
T3 and T4
|
Permissive hormone (makes other hormones function better)
- 2 amino acids
- Have iodine boundary: tyrosine with iodine
- Lipid soluble
|
6 functions of Thyroid hormone
|
1. Increase metabolic rate* (main one)
2. Increase heat production
3. Maintains blood pressure
4. Regulates bone and muscle growth
5. Maturation
6. Developing skeletal and nervous systems
|
What inhibits Thyroid hormone
|
Thyroid hormone; it inhibits hypothalamus and stops the pathway
|
Hypo-thyroid disorder in children
|
Cretinism
|
Cretinism symptoms
|
retardation; slows development and growth delayed; thickens neck;
|
Cause and treatment for cretinism
|
Iodine deficiency; treat with iodine salt
|
Hypo-thyroid disorder in adults
|
Myxedema
|
Myxedema symptoms
|
- No developmental delays because already fully developed
- Low metabolic rate
- Lethargic
- Cold
- Scaly skin
- Gain weight (mostly adipose)
- No mental retardation
- Goiter
|
Cause of myxedema
|
Due to low production because something is wrong with the thyroid - destroyed
|
Treatment of myxedema
|
Get synthetic made thyroid
|
Goiter
|
swollen thyroid gland; accumulates unusable colloid
|
Hyper-thyroid disorder
|
Grave's disease
|
Grave's disease definition
|
autoimmune disorder where stimulation causes overproduction of thyroid hormone
|
Grave's disease symptoms
|
- Hot, sweat profusely
- Become thin/gaut
- Goiter
- Exophthalmos
|
Grave's disease cause
|
immune system is attacking the thyroid gland
|
Calcitonin
|
secreted when blood calcium levels are high (when you drink milk)
|
Calcitonin action
|
inhibit osteoclasts and excites osteoblasts to build bone/put calcium into the bone
|
Hormone secreted by parathyroid gland
|
PTH (parathyroid hormone)
|
PTH is antagonistic to what other hormone?
|
Calcitonin
|
PTH function
|
inhibits osteoblasts and excites osteoclasts/ takes calcium out of bone into the blood
|
When is PTH secreted?
|
When blood calcium levels are low; when calcium blood levels rise to normal decreases PTH secretion
|
Hyper-parathyroidism
|
overproduction of PTH
- promotes osteoclasts
- weakens bones
|
Cause of hyper-parathyroidism
|
Parathyroid gland tumor
|
Hypo-parathyroidism
|
low production of PTH
- promotes osteoblasts
- Hypocalcemia
- Causes spontaneous membrane depolarization
|
Cause of hypo-parathyroidism
|
Parathyroid gland trauma- removal during thyroid surgery
|
What two regions make up the adrenal glands
|
1. Cortex
2. Medulla
|
3 zones within cortex secrete what steroid hormones
|
Mineralcorticoids, Glucocorticoids, and Gonadocorticoids
|
Mineralcorticoid
|
2nd hormone that regulates body water; stimulates reabsorption of sodium and water through the kidneys also known as aldosterone regulation
|
High potassium concentrations in the blood
|
Low heart rate
|
Aldosterone function
|
cells sense high potassium level, then stimulate cells within kidneys to reabsorb sodium and also H2O and pump out potassium; causes blood volume to increase as it increases
|
Recovering sodium results in what?
|
expanding total body water and increase plasma volume and pressure
|
RAAS
|
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone system
|
RAAS function
|
sensitive to potassium but also to blood pressure
- kidneys detect low blood pressure then secrete renin
|
Renin function
|
an enzyme that activates a pathway which results in production of angiotensin 2
|
Angiotensin 2
|
stimulates secretion of aldosterone
|
ACTH can also stimulate secretion of what hormone?
|
Aldosterone (weak secretion)
|
ANP
|
secreted when heart is over stretched/blood volume is too high; inhibits aldosterone secretion
|
Inhibiting aldosterone secreting by ANP results in what?
|
excretion of more sodium in urine and water retention goes down (pee more) = lower blood volume
|
Hypo-aldosteronism
|
Addison's disease
|
Addison's disease 2 hormones
|
Mineralcorticoids and Glucocorticoids
|
Symptoms of Addison's disease
|
- Hypobulimic - low blood volume
- Dehydrated
- Hypotension - Low blood pressure
- Low sodium and water concentrations
- High potassium concentrations
- Low blood glucose - cortisol
|
Cortisol
|
- High in the morning low in day/night
- After secreted, recovers sodium and water - long term mechanism to regulate body H2O
|
Hyper-aldosteronism
|
- extreme sodium reabsorption
- Potassium levels low
- Hypertension - blood pressure/high blood volume
|
Cause of hyper-aldosteronism
|
Tumor in adrenal gland; growth of tissue causes overproduction
|
Glucocorticoid inhibits what two hormones?
|
CRH and ACTH
|
Glucocorticoid main function?
|
wants to raise blood glucose ** (4 stars)
|
*Glucogenesis
|
formation from non glucose sources
|
*Proteolysis
|
breakdown of proteins
|
*Insulin resistance
|
convinces cells that don't need glucose to not take it up and use it to spare it for the brain
|
*Lipolyiss
|
uses fat for fuel
|
*Immune function
|
suppresses portions of immune system (Cortisol does this)
|
2 diseases related to hypersecretion of aldosterone
|
Cushings disesase and Cushings syndrome
|
Cushings syndrome
|
excess glucocorticoid
|
Cushings disease
|
specifically increase of ACTH
|
Cushing disease symptoms
|
- Buffalo Hump on neck
- Hyperglycemia - Increase blood sugar
- Muscle atrophy
- Loss bone mass
- Pour wound healing
- retain H2O
|