HIST 226: FINAL EXAM
68 Cards in this Set
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Great Depression
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- Stock market crashed
-millions unemployed (factories close)
-economic conditions worsened in plains states
-rise of Hoovervilles and hobos
-trickle down theory
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Hot Oil and Cotton Crises
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-Oil produced in violation of railroad commission's orders,continued to flow, secrecy required to circumvent the national guard which alsomade it hard to determine the amount of oil produced, who owned it, and whethercorrect royalties were being payed
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H. Hoover, president at start of great depresssion
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President when stock market crash, public believed that hedid too little too late. people also believed that he was the one who causedthe great depression
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Jesse Jones and RFC
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- appointed to RFC by Hoover and then appointed to chairman byRoosevelt made him one of most powerful men in America; helped prevent businessfailure - Export/Import Bank & Federal Loan Agency; Head of RFC; verywealthy Houstonian, came from south, made money in lumber industry, millionaire…
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Volunteerism
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Depression-era policy
promoted by Herbert Hoover thatencouraged American businesses to maintain current employment and wage levelsand advised local governments to donate to relief charities;
largely failedbecause most businesses owners were unable to look beyond their own im…
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FDR and the New Deal
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32nd US President -
He began New Deal programs to help thenation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during mostof WWII/ 1933-1939. It was President Roosevelt's program for getting the UnitedStates out of the depression.
The plan is known for his thre…
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AAA,Crop Subsidies
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1933- Part of New Deal which sought to control theoverproduction of basic commodities so that farmers might regain the purchasingpower they had enjoyed before WWI. To guarantee these prices, the production ofmajor agricultural staples would be controlled by paying the farmers to reducethe…
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CWA (civil works administration) and PWA (public works administration), Work relief programs
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- CWA emergency work relief program, put more than four millionpeople to work during the winter of 1933-34/ PWA (FDR) , 1935 Created for bothindustrial recovery and for unemployment relief. Headed by the Secretary ofInterior Harold L. Ickes, it aimed at long-range recovery and spent $4 bi…
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ccc (Civilian Conservation Corps)
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It was Relief that provided work for young men 18-25 yearsold in food control, planting, flood work, etc. 1933
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NYA, Lyndon B. Johnson
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- established by WPA to reduce competition for jobs bysupporting education and training of youth/ Became president after Kennedy'sassassination and reelected in 1964; Democrat; signed the Civil Rights Act of1964 into law, promoted his "Great Society" plan, part of whichincluded the "war o…
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Sam Rayburn
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longest record of service in House (48 years), Speaker of theHouse during most of the New Deal legislation and instrumental in passingprograms and during WWII - personal integrity legendary, never excepted $ fromlobbyists
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Texas and Social Security for Elderly
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- established assistance to the elderly thru pensions fundedthru state and federal taxes; required matching state funding - funded byemployer and employee; New Deal came up with social security; took awhile forTX to join the plan; started for only widows and orphan children, then expanded…
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Texas and Texans in WWII
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- provided more men to military services proportionately thanany other state.
-many medal of honor winners were Aggies andMexican Americans
-sacrifice, courage, heroism of men and women
-country united behind President FDR and thenPresident H.S. Truman
-was the…
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Audie Murphy
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Audiemurphy The most decorated U.S. soldier in World War II. Though he was only 21years old at the end of the war, he had killed 240 German soldiers, beenwounded three times, and had earned an amazing 33 awards and medals, includingthe Medal of Honor. After the war, Murphy appeared in mor…
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Global Settlement of 1942 between the US and Mexico, Braceros
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US and Mexico have always had disagreements settlement is anagreement worked out by Mexican ambassador (Joseph Daniels). Mexico borrowedmoney from the US, they paid it back a few years later with interest. Openedthe border for contract workers. We needed their help to defeat Hitler, win t…
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the post-war era from conservatism to liberalism
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-Unions do well during war because there is so much work andwar effort cannot be disturbed.
-helped industrial workers with creation of theFair Employment Committee it conducted investigations of work discrimination inindustry
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Texas right to work law, 1947, unions in Texas
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- The law states that if there is a union were you work you donot have to join the union at your work place. Created under Governor Shivers/no rights to unionize for farm workers
-generally not effective and historically havenot done well
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Gilmer-Aiken laws, 1949
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Texas enacts legislation to create the first systematicstatewide funding of public schools.
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Herman Sweat, Admitted to UT law school, 1949
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denied admission to ut law school
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GI Bill 1944
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gave benifits to to WW2 veterans including financialassistance for veterans wanting to go to college, buy a home, preferedtreatment to veterans who wanted to apply for government jobs
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Allen Shivers 1949-57
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-Replaces Jester as governor after his death and is known foropposing the Brown v Board decision as well as disliking Truman's (FDR's)policies.
-while this person was governor, juries andgrand juries expanded to include women
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Rise of Segregation in public school education
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Jim Crowe Laws (total segregation); mandated de jure (lawful)racial segregation in all public facilities; Plessey vs Ferguson (separate butequal) but Brown vs Board of Education undoes this ruling
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Henry B. Gonzales of San Antonio, Maverick US Representative
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Member of the San Antonio city council, member of TexasSenate, First Mexican American to be elected to US Congress
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The Texas Observer, liberal newspaper
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- liberal newspaper that has covered many scandals and hasinitiated attention to issues of civil liberties and racial and economicjustice in TX;
started in 1954, bi-weekly journal written in Austin; celebratedoutside the state much more than in it
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LULAC 1929
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a middle-class Mexican American civil rightsorganization founded in Texas in 1929. It focused on ending segregation inhousing, public facilities and schools.
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American GI Forum, 1948, Dr. Hector P. Garcia
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It originally focused on veteran's issues such as payment ofpensions and access to health care. But the group quickly expanded to otherissues such as job discrimination, housing segregation, poll taxes, voterregistration, and segregated schools./ created the American GI Forum anddedicated…
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Delgado V. Bastrop 1948
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Made the segregation of Mexican American children in Texasillegal
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Hernandez v. Texas 1954
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Case of Pedro Hernandez who was accused of murder byan all-white jury heard by the Supreme Court; won right of Mexican Americans toserve on jury
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NAACP, Brown v. Board of Education, 1954
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- founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination,to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, got SupremeCourt to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional/ 1954- court decision thatdeclared state laws segregating schools to be unconstitutional. Overturned…
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Local control of school districts
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-localschool districts fought hard against integration, declaring that local schooldistricts are not under the national governments jurisdiction
-today's educational norms
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Interstate highways, growth of suburbia, "White Flight"
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allowed for urbanization- greatest program of Eisenhowerpresidency/ there was a need for housing once the soldiers came back plus thebaby boom and they needed to work in the city but still have a yard and stuffand these homes were easy to build/ working and middle-class white people movea…
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Growth of Urban Slums
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poor areas of cities that came about as result ofwhite flight and poor wages; 1932- US unemployment almost 25%; 1931- charitiesgo broke; TX lacked a safety net, the homeless were left to fend forthemselves; Hoovervilles-slum areas, no public housing; Hoover flag- man withhis pockets out
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Sales Tax under Price Daniel 1961
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TX gov 57-63, TX needed money to operated the state, opposedsales tax and allowed it to become a law w/out signature so the state would notgo broke 2% now 8.5%
; legislation from highways to prison reform, waterconservation, higher teachers' salaries, and improved care for the ment…
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John Connally 1963-69
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important modern governor, moderate democratic politician--democratic governor of texas;
he was popular because he was raised on a cottonfarm in texas; no wealthy; he sort of personified texas;
considered himself aconservative who believed in active government (contradictory…
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Preston Smith
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- In 1968, Smith was elected governor, a position he held from1969 to 1973. He succeeded the popular Democratic Governor JohnB. Connally, Jr., who later switched to the Republican Party.
To win the governorship, Smith first defeated DonYarborough in the 1968 Democratic runoff elect…
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Senator Ralph Yarborough
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democratic senator from Texas who takes up the issue ofbilingual education in 1967. He notices that large numbers of Spanish-speakingstudents drop out, often leave school at sixth grade. He proposes an amendmentto ESEA that aims to address the special educational needs of the large number…
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Senator Lloyd M. Bentsen
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On November 5, 1918,the Bentsens left their homestead and began driving the 1,675 miles to the RioGrande valley by car. They drove for seventeen days. The family arrivedpenniless. Peter Bentsen rented a place in Mission and began working as a landagent for John Shary. He also began a nurs…
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Lloyd and Elmer Bentsen
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Lloyd and ElmerBentsen became the premier colonizers and developers of Hidalgo County, whichled all counties of the United States in cotton production and raised a goodpart of the Valley's 1948 $100 million citrus and vegetable crop. In 1952 thecounty centennial program described the cont…
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Baker V. Carr
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(1962) Supreme Court case ruled on by Chief Justice Warren in1963. Based on an accusation that Tennessee electoral districts unevenly"drawn. Claiming that rural/country areas with small populations had morerepresentatives than largely populated urban city areas. Established"principal" of …
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Barbara Jordan 1936-1996
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First African American woman to serve in the Texaslegislature, first black woman from the south to be elected to congress, firstwoman to give the keynote address at the democratic national convention
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The Turbulent 1960s and early 1970s
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-all sorts of social revolutions
- From the New Frontier tothe Great Society
-people becoming empowered
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Modern Civil rights movement 1955, Montgomery
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The Montgomery Bus Boycott officially started on December 1,1955. That was the day when the blacks of Montgomery, Alabama, decided thatthey would boycott the city buses until they could sit anywhere they wanted,instead of being relegated to the back when a white boarded. It was not,howeve…
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Mexican American Civil Rights Movement
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The Mexican American Civil Rights Movement, one of the leaststudied social movements of the 1960s, encompassed a broad cross section ofissues—from restoration of land grants, to farm workers rights, to enhancededucation, to voting and political rights.
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Chicano Movement, a nationalist ideology, historic homeland
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The Mexican-American movement that sought political andsocial justice. It addressed negative stereotyping of Mexicans, thisstereotyping was addressed through works of literary and visual arts.
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Jose Angel Gutierrez, MAYO
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American activist; he was among a group of students to foundthe Mexican American Youth Organization (MAYO) in San Antonio. With this group,he worked for Mexican American rights
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MECHA, college and university student organization
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M.E.Ch.A. (Spanish: Movimiento Estudiantil Chican@ de Aztlán;"Chican@ Student Movement of Aztlán", the @ being a gender neutralinflection) is an organization that seeks to promote Chicano unity and empowerment through political action. The acronym of the organization's name is the Chicano…
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LA Raza Unida Party
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-1970 founded by Jose Angel Gutierrez and Luz Gutierrez beganin crystal city Texas then it passed on to Colorado, democratic party which hadsome success in the beginning. They candidate did not win, later on the CIAconsidered this as an international threat. It never really picked up and …
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Transition from activism to community/ advocacy projects
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there's a transition from the marching and getting in your face politics to organizations that work within the system
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MALDEF, Southwest voter Registration Project
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- instrumental in the lawsuit that led to greater equality infunding for public education in Texas.
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Women Republican clubs, John Tower
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1st modern republic governor of TX, John Tower was nominatedto be Secretary of Defense, but he was a womanizer./ was the first RepublicanUnited States senator from Texas since Reconstruction
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William B. Clements 1979-83
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1979- ’83, and a second term in 1987- 42nd and 44th governorof Texas from 1979-1983 and 1987-1991 and he was the first republican to serveas governor since reconstruction.
Founded SEDCO in 1947, the world's largestoff shore drilling company. He worked to reduce crime, improve educa…
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1980s oil boom, followed by bust
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embargos on the US by Middle East countries led to aneconomic boom in TX; when oil prices decreased during the 1980s, oil companiesand Houston suffered greatly with an economic recession
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Rise of the service industry, computers
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A group of businesses in which the workers serve people bysuch activities as teaching, putting out fires, delivering mail and so on.
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Mark White and public law 72
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democrat who ran against bill clements; and defeated billclements; in his campaign he repeated "no new taxes"; campaigned toimprove education/ series of education reforms in TX headed by Ross Perot thatgave higher teacher salaries, more teacher requirements, and the no pass noplay rule
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PUF, Permanent university fund, higher education issues
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money constitutionally set aside as an endowment to financeconstruction, maintenance, and some other activities at the University oftexas, Texas A&M university, and other institutions in those two universitysystems
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Ann Richards, the New Texas
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This person was an American politician and the 45th Governorof Texas from 1991-1995. She first came to national attention as the statetreasurer of Texas, when she delivered the keynote address at the 1988Democratic National Convention.
She was the second female governor of Texas./t…
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Lena Guerrero, state representative and member of Texas Railroad commission
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first woman and first Mexican American to serve on TXrailroad commission promoted by Ann Richards, also served in TX house beforecommission - lied about graduating from UT; former state representative
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Set-aside program
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small percentage of state businesses goes to women andminorities abused by men putting companies under wife’s names
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k-12 Education, Robin Hood Plan
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TX education based on property tax causing low valuedistricts to be underfunded - this was plan to take from wealthy districts tofund the poorer districts
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PUF (perminant university fund )
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texas only state with 2 universities because we have money
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crime and punishment, prisons, executions in Texas
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more prisons were built. Chair replaces hanging. Response tocrime wave in 80s was to tighten up laws and punishments, which led to morepeople in prisons; 27 million prisoners.
#1 state in country for executions
state with most prisoners in prisons
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G.W. Bush- 1946-
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43rd president of the US who began a campaign toward energyself-sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001
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Rick Perry, Boards and Commissions issues
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-47th governor of TX and the current one; has beenserving since December 2000
-boards and commissions issues/ perform afunction similar to that of the independent school district board, such ashiring and firing executives and establishing general agency policy
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funds for cancer research
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there's a new law that gives millions of dollars for cancer research but this happened without peer review
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assistance to lure businesses to Texas
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Governor Perry established the Tx Enterprise Fund (TEF) in 2003.
-helped attract new jobs and investment to the state
-ensure the growth of business in Texas.
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Standards in social studies education, the SBOE (State Board of Education)
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an elected 15 member board, and the Commissioner of Educationoversee the public education system of Texas in accordance with the TexasEducation Code
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Immigration Issues
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border surge started militarizing the border
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Tea Party, Senator Ted Cruz
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contemporary issues
2012 Tx senator
face of the Tea party rep
Republican
protests new health care law
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Study Guide: Exam 1