HIST 105: EXAM 1

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The 18th century America, the existence of a large body of yeoman landowners and the absence of high property qualification for office holding meant that colonial assemblies were closely attuned to their constituents	false
About 50 thousand southern slaves (10% the total number) realized their best chance of emancipation lay with the British army not with the Americans	true
After wining independence from England, American farmers found themselves forced to settle their accounts with country storekeepers in specie not in goods as a result of a chain of debt that originated with London merchants	true
The American Enlightenment was heavily influenced by English liberal elitism, Latitudinarian notions of rational, benevolent piety, and belief in the "natural law" governing both nature and society	true
The American Revolution led most of the woodland Indian tribes to fight against the British in the hope of improving relations with colonial settlers	false
American silver allowed Spain to develop its national economy, especially the manufacture of textiles	false
American sugar, produced by a massive influx of African slaves, was the first crop to be mass-marketed to consumers in Europe	false
The Articles of Confederation created a strong presidency in order to compel states to honor their commitments to the federal government	false
Artisan masters were part of a household mode production insofar as they are responsible for training journeymen, but part of capitalist mode of production insofar as they owned the product of their journeymen's wage labor	true
As a capitalist, free labor economy emerged in Western Europe, unfree labor systems such as slavery in the Americas and a "second serfdom" in Eastern Europe took root all around it	true
As colonial society became more structured in the 18th century, opportunities for women outside the home and family increased	false
As commander of the Continental Army, Washington emphasized informal camaraderie not harsh discipline and officer elitism	false
As was the case with the protests over the Stamp and Townshend Acts, Parliament again backed away from confrontation after the Boston Tea Party threatened to destabilize the American colonies	false
Bacon's rebellion resulted in hereditary African slavery as a solution to the class conflict between yeomen and the planter aristocracy	true
Because English settlers wanted their lands, Indians were faced the inevitability of war without the possibility of a negotiated peace	true
Because rice production required large capital investment, South Carolina planters owned far more land and slaves than their counterparts in the Chesapeake	true
Because the Continental Congress was intent upon supporting its troops, pay was prompt, rations were adequate, and morale was high	false
Beginning in 1779 popular committees in the North were protesting against economic hardship, merchants, and hoarders not the dangers of British oppression	true
Between 1670 and 1720 the number of Indian slaves exported from Charleston was larger than the number of African slaves imported	true
Black slavery was less the effect of white racism in North America than its cause	true
The boycott of English goods in protest against the Townshend Acts benefited American merchants but punished American artisans	false
By requesting the Massachusetts state legislature to raise an army large enough to defeat Shay's Rebellion, Governor Bowdoin pushed farmers from armed protest aimed at obtaining reform into open rebellion against an unjust government	true
By the mid-18th century American gentry in the Hudson Valley, New Jersey, and New Hampshire were resigned to the necessity of compromise with discontented yoeman and tenants	false
The Catholic Church was a feudal Christianity insofar as it morally legitimized feudal social relations, was itself part of the ruling class, and owned about one-third of land in Europe	true
Catholic missions in New Spain were interested in "saving souls" not in "exploiting labor"	false
The Citizen Committees created by the Continental Congress soon became the means by which colonial elites controlled the democratic threat of the popular classes	true
Commercial capitalism is concerned with the capitalist distribution of production not with the capitalist mode of production	false
The Common Sense, Tom Paine argued for "balanced government," including an upper legislative house controlled by the propertied elite, that would check the popular bias of a democratically elected lower house	false
The "crisis of feudalism" in England produced an intensification of serfdom	false
Cromwell relied on the radical discontents of the lower classes to "level" Parliament over the opposition of the English Gentry	false
The Currency Act of 1764 was intended to punish American merchants creditors by rewarding American yeoman debtors	false
During the 18th century, American colonies were drawn into the system of Atlantic commerce and a market for inexpensive consumer goods from England	false
During the Revolutionary War many states and Congress recruited soldiers with promises of land seized from "loyalist" traitors and Indian enemies	true
The English crown was willing to allow Virginia to diversify its agriculture in order to keep the price of tobacco high and prevent overproduction	false
The English governors of New York reversed the Dutch practice of awarding immense land grants to favorites, allowing yeoman farmers to take control of the Hudson and Mohawk valleys	false
English policy after the French and Indian war was intended to "divide and conquer" the distinct and often antagonistic colonies and classes of America	false
The English Reformation threatened the gentry's political and economic interests	false
European feudalism produced monarchs who attempted to centralize central state power by encouraging peasants to rebel against noble landlords	false
European imperialism in the Americas included military conquest, economic bondage, and ethnic cleansing	true
The evangelicalism of the Great Awakening democratized salvation and eroded the deference accorded to colonial elites by the common people	true
The existence of Mose, a free black city in Spanish Florida, inspired Cato's slave rebellion in Stono South Carolina	true
The ferocity of Pontiac's rebellions made both the English government and its American colonists realize the necessity of ceding the lands west of the Appalachians to the Indians in order to avoid future border wars	true
For independent yeoman farmers and urban artisans, "republicanism" meant political equality and democratic participation in public life by "the People"	true
For John Winthrop, the Puritan governor of Massachusetts, "natural liberty" suggested the freedom to the evil	true
For Lord Grenville taxing the American colonies was not "taxation without representation" because the colonists were "virtually" represented by the House of Commons as were the non-voting majority of English people	true
The formation of Atlantic world Economy was the result of European imperialism	true
Fortunately for the "patriot" cause, colonial "loyalism" during the American Revolution was confined to wealthy gentry landowners and colonial proprietors	false
French control of the Mississippi River, the Ohio Valley, and Canada made France the most important threat to English control of America in the 18th century	true
From the beginning the yeoman farmers who joined Shay's Rebellion were intent on overthrowing the merchant-controlled government of Massachusetts	false
The great Awakening spread Enlightenment notions of a rational and benevolent God and harmony between the existing social order and God's natural law from colonial elites to the popular classes	false
The Green Mountain Boys of New Hampshire and the "Land Rioters" of the Hudson valley and New Jersey were fiercely resisting a "feudal revival" undertaken by wealthy gentry landowners and colonial proprietors	true
The "Half-Way Covenant" of 1662 attempted to impose more rigorous standards for membership in Congregationalist churches in order to exclude many "backsliding" members of the third generation Puritans	false
The high-minded proprietors of colony of Georgia were in constant conflict with the majority of settlers over the introduction of slavery and legalization of liquor	true
The household mode of production of New England farmers embodied an internal tension between moral community and profit economy	true
In addition to being a war for independence, the American Revolution was also a populist revolution and a civil war	true
Indentured servitude began to lose its appeal for Virginia planters as soon as the majority of servants began to survive their terms	true
Indian participation in the fur trade with Europeans eventually led to rivalries and violence between Indian tribes	true
Initially, labor on the tobacco plantations of the Chesapeake was provided by Indian slaves	false
In New England the Great Awakening served as a form of spiritual reconciliation of the popular classes to the power of colonial elites	false
In order for the slave trade to prosper, European slave traders had to rely on West African coastal tribes to supply slaves by raiding inland tribes with the aid of European firearms	true
In order to discourage wealthy speculators in the Northwest Territory Congress not only refused to grant the Ohio Company land in the new territory, it arrested New York speculator William Duer for bribery and corruption	false
In order to frustrate speculators who had purchased revolutionary war bonds at huge discounts, the state of Massachusetts issued paper money and forced bondholders to accept it as payment	false
In the American colonies, as in England itself, freedom of the press was recognized the government as an inalienable right of "freeborn Englishmen"	false
Joseph Putnam attempted to restore social harmony in Salem by sharing his mother Mary's estate with his previously disinherited stepbrothers and stepsisters	false
Leisler's Rebellion against Governor Andros restored harmony between the Dutch and English settlers and between elites and the common people in New York	false
The "liberalism" of John Locke held that natural rights to life, liberty, and property precede and supersede the powers of representative government, no matter how democratic it might be	true
The "liberalism" of John Locke held that "natural rights" to property precede and supersede the powers of representative government, no matter how democratic it might be	true
The "Loyal Nine" protested the Stamp Act by hanging effigies of Lord Grenville and Andrew Oliver from the first of many "Liberty Trees"	true
The Massachusetts Government Act of 1774 convinced many yeoman farmers that England was a bigger threat to their way of life than were American merchants and planters	true
Mercantilism was an economic philosophy based on free trade and an expanding quantity of wealth	false
Most English colonial authorities acquired Indian land by compulsory "purchases," often in treaties forced upon Indians after they had suffered crushing military defeats	true
The Navigation, Hat, Molasses, and Iron Acts were intended to prevent American economic development that might rival England's	true
Nearly two-thirds of the English settlers who came to America on the 17th century paid for their own passage and arrived as free persons	false
The near victory of Metacom in King Philip's War resulted in a temporary cessation of English encroachment on Indian land and of attempts to convert them to Christianity	false
New England Puritans supplemented Calvinist covenants of grace and works with social covenants of church and nation	true
New France consisted of large numbers of agrarian settlers whose desire for Indian land led to violent conflict and eventually to ethnic cleansing	false
The new Massachusetts Charter of 1691 favored merchant elites insofar as it based voting rights on property qualifications not church membership	false
New Netherlands in North America became the crown jewel of the Dutch empire in the 17th century	false
On the rice plantations of South Carolina, slaves began to reproduce themselves by 1740	false
Opechancanough was able to prevent English settlers from encroaching on Indian lands and to stop Christian missionary work among the tribes of Virginia	false
Political structures determine economic modes of production	true
Prior to the Salem witchcraft trials relations between Salem Village and Salem Town were amicable	false
Protestantism was a capitalist Christianity insofar as its religious individualism raised self-discipline and work to the status of signs of election	true
The Putnam family represented new norms of competitive individualism that threatened older, but still existing norms of moral community held by the Porter family	false
The Quaker concept of the Inner Light infuriated other Christians in the American colonies because it denied original sin, predestination, and minority election	true
"Rack renting" and "enclosure" were methods to dispossess the English peasantry in the 16th and 17th centuries	true
"Regulator" movements in the Carolinas united backcountry yeoman farmers and coastal planter elites against English colonial administrators	false
Reverend Parris believed an independent Village church would restore an ideal moral community and his failure to achieve it could only be explained by God's punishment of his own moral failings	false
Roger Williams insisted on the separation of church and state and rejected of the notion of a special relationship between god and the Puritan Elect	true
Shay's Rebellion converted most of America's ruling classes from opponents of centralized government to "nationalists" who supported more central state power to protect property and maintain law and order	true
The shift from plunder to the systematic production of new wealth led Europeans to create plantation systems in the Americas	true
Sir George Calvert established Maryland as a Quaker colony	false
The "Sons of Liberty" were made up of radical intellectuals, yeoman farmers, and urban mechanics	true
The Spanish government and the Catholic Church officially disapproved of mixed marriages between Europeans and Indians	false
The Stamp Act was unacceptable to American colonial elites because bypassing colonial legislatures undercut their power as a ruling class	true
The state constitution of Pennsylvania followed the ideals of Tom Paine, while that of Massachusetts followed those of John Adams	true
The"Laws Divine, Moral, and Martial" eliminated the harsh treatment of indentured servants by the Virginia Company	false
To the Salem Villagers social transformation, manifested in the rising merchant and the declining farmer, created social discord and social discord was the work of the Devil	true
The transition to capitalism in England made it difficult to find people willing to migrate to North America	false
The "triangular trade" involved European goods including guns, African slaves, and plantation staples such as sugar and tobacco	true
The Tudor dynasty strengthened the power of crown by allying with the House of Commons against the House of Lords	true
Urban artisans or "mechanics" were rarely affluent but pursued the goals of "independence" and "decent competency" through self-employment	true
The victories by Lincoln's army in Springfield, Petersham, and Sheffield constituted decisive victories of merchant capitalism over yeoman moral community	true
The Virginia Slave Code of 1705 defined slaves as property completely subject to the will of their masters and, more generally, of the white community	true
When the Paxton Boys marched on Philadelphia their major concern was the encroachment of wealthy Quaker gentry and land speculators on land they considered their own by right of settlement	false
William Penn created an elitist constitution for the colony of Pennsylvania and granted vast estates to Quaker gentry landowners	false
With its emphasis on equality, universal rights, and popular sovereignty Jefferson's Declaration of Independence attempted to unify the revolutionary coalition of elites and common people	true
Without French funds and military assistance, an American victory over the British would have been impossible	true


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HIST 105: EXAM 1

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