115 Cards in this Set
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strategic minerals
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necessary for civilian, industrial, and military needs
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precious minerals
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ornamental or jewelry usage
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metallic vs. non metallic
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94% of mineral usage in US are non metallic, used primarily in construction
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rock quarries in Columbia
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2 south of Blossom street for non metallic metals usually sold for construction, bigger than Williams Brice,
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US vs. World energy usage
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US uses 4x as much energy as the rest of the world, Canada is close with US, China is next
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What % petroleum do we use?
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37%
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What % natural gas do we use?
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25%
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What % coal do we use?
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21%
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What % nuclear electric power do we use?
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9%
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What % renewable energy do we use?
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8%
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How does renewable energy breakdown?
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mostly hydroelectric, then wood, then biofuels, the least is solar
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Who uses the energy? (%)
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31% industrial
28% transportation
22% residential
19% commercial
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what % of our energy comes from non renewable
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83%
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does a single usage sector dominate the energy consumption?
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no
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which sector has the capacity to increase efficiency
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industrial sector
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which sector has the most source diversity
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industrial sector
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Over the last 50 years have we gained or lost our energy self sufficiency
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lost
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What % more efficient per person are we in the last 30 years
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~20%
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per capita energy consumption in the US is
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over 4x larger than the global average
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3 main fossil fuels
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coal, oil, natural gas
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what do fossil fuels originate as
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organic rich sedimentary deposits
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Conditions Appropriate for Fossil fuel formation
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1. biologically productive
2. limited supply of oxygen
3. rapid burial
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Subsidence
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the response to the loading of the edges of the continent with large accumulations of sediment is the slow sinking process
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How much of the US does the Mississippi drain
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2-Jan
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Mississippi River Delta
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most important fossil fuel location in the US, lots of organic-rich and muddy sediment in different places at different times
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over 80% of the worlds energy comes from
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fossil fuels
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Coal accounts for about 50% of
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US electric power generation
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Describe coal
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black, brittle, sedimentary rock, primarily organic materials
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What are the primary sedimentary environments where thick accumulations of plant material can result in major coal reserves?
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swamps
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H-C bonds release stored energy when they are oxidized and fuel
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organic respiration that keeps us and the biosphere alive
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How many years did it take to create the world's fossil fuel reserves?
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hundred of millions of years
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Stages of coal development
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peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite (each stages loses nitrogen and water and gains higher carbon and hydrogen contents = higher energy)
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Peat
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burned for fuel in boggy regions at high latitude (Scotland, Ireland)
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burned for fuel in boggy regions at high latitude (Scotland, Ireland)
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highest grade of coal, high energy, relatively free of pollution impurities
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Coal forms from _____ that accumulates in an _______ depositional environment
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plant material, oxygen poor
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North America has what % of the world's reserve of coal?
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27%
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Is coal produced in a usable form for transportation purposes?
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No
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Environmental impacts of coal
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produces CO2, liberates sulfur dioxide, acid rain, ash is 20% of coal
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Coal production by mining methods
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used to be more underground than surface, now its more surface than underground
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Coal production by locations
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now more west of the mississippi and less east of mississippi because of the clean air act amendment
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Coal reserves in the US could last about _____ years
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300 years
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What % of global oil does US have
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6%
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What % of global oil does Middle East have
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65%
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Reserve
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estimates of the total oil rescue that can be extracted and marketed for a profit, estimates may change dramatically in response to evolving technologies
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Conditions appropriate for fossil fuel formation
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1. biologically productive
2. limited supply of oxygen
3. rapid burial
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formation of coal and oil, what is difference
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coal is formed on land and oil is formed in ocean
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Diagenesis
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occurs at surface or under shallow burial depths of a few hundred meters at temps of less than 50 degrees Celsius, produces swamp gas, no large scale commercial value
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Catagenesis
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occurs at depths of 3.5 - 5 km at temps from 80 degrees - 150 degrees Celsius, cooked into a mixture of kerogen and oil, forms natural gas
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Metagenesis
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occurs at burial depths greater than 5 km and at temps greater than 150 degrees Celsius, beyond 300 degrees, remaining kerogen becomes graphite and the formation of natural gas ends
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what is the source of carbon for oil and gas
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plankton and other micro organisms
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Oil and natural gas formation
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oil is formed when carbon rich sediments are cooked in temps of 80-150 degrees Celsius, and natural gas is cooked at 225 degrees Celsius
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what is the precursor to oil
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kerogen
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is source rock good for storing oil
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no
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Viscosities
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high viscosities is tar and low viscosities is gasoline
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Chemicals that make up oil and natural gas are derived from
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the bodies of dead plankton and algae
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In order for hydrocarbons to accumulate in a reservoir, what does there need to be
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a seal to prevent fluids from flowing out
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Creation of oil or gas reserve requires 4 features
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1. source rock
2. migration pathway
3. reservoir rock
4. trap
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Source rock
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where hydrocarbons are created, usually a black shale that contains large quantity of organic material
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Reservoir rock
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a porous, but non permeable sandstone is a great reservoir rock, where the oil is stored, typically sandstones
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Trap rock
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overlyes the reservoir rock, prevents oil from escaping, typically shales, highly impermeable
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In order for a rock to be a good reservoir rock, it must have
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high porosity and high permeability
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Anticline trap
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arc that traps oil
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fault trap
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fault type rock that traps oil
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stratigraphic trap
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seal rock that traps oil and overlies the reservoir rock in one linear form
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Up to 90% of wells are
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dry holes
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Main tool for exploring oil and gas
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seismic imaging, using a vibroseis truck
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How is natural gas disposed of
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flaming
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Advantages of natural gas
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minimal processing, burns cleanly, more energy per unit of CO2 than any other fossil fuels, extensive infrastructure, extensive reserve growth through fracking
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disadvantages of natural gas
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sometimes it explodes, methane can leak from pipelines
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First oil well
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1857, Romania
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First US well
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1859, Pennsylvanina
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Oil spill: Lakeview Gusher, Caifornia
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march 1910-sept 1911, 9 million barrels spilled
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Oil spill:Exxon Valdez
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1989, 250,000 barrels spilled
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oil spill: Deepwater Horizon
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April 20-July 15, 2010, 4.9 million barrels spilled
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Petroleum forms from ______ that accumulates in a ______ depositional environment
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plankton, oxygen poor
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Oil production began to decline in
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1970
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top petroleum exporters
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Saudi Arabia, most proven petroleum reserves
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Hydropower
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electricity produced from flowing water
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Active solar energy
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uses photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness energy
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Pessimistic outlook
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argue that the worlds great oil fields have all been found, and that the worlds reserves of oil and gas are therefore largely known, discovery of new oil fields have been declining since the 1960's, M. King Hubbert is the king of this outlook
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M. King Hubbert
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father of Pessimistic Outlook, predicted oil will decline in 1970, using a simple statistical analysis and prediction
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Optimistic Outlook
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believe there are large oil fields that remain to be discovered, large discoveries in the Caspian Sea, new extraction technologies, reserve growth, Canada's oil sands for alternative oil, don't forecast fossil fuel alternatives, 15-20 years before decline
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Bakken formation
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oil from North Dakota, primarily shale, source rock, lots of clay, low porosity and low permeability, poor reservoir rock,
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Athabasca Tar Sands
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alternative oil, Canada, high cost associated with the extraction of the oil, environmental cost
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Oil shale
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contains abundant kerogen that has not been subjected to oil window conditions
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2014 World usage: # barrels per day
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91.4 million barrels
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top world producers of oil per day
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russia
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top world exporters per day
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Saudi Arabia
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Have net imports declined or increased since 2005
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declined
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renewable energy
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naturally replenished
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alternative energy
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any energy source that is not a fossil fuel (including sources that are finite, like nuclear)
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renewable energy sources (6)
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biomass, hydropower, geothermal, solar, wind, ocean thermal
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alternative energy sources (4)
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hydrogen, nuclear, biomass fuels, human power
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6% of all energy consumed is from
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renewable sources
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how is renewable energy used? % breakdowns
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70% electricity, 25% heat, the rest for vehicle fuels
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hydropower
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electricity produced from flowing water
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3 types of hydropower facilities
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impoundment, diversion, pumped storage
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does impoundment need a dam
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yes
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does diversion need a dam
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no
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renewable energy: wind
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in 2008 it produced 1.5% of the worldwide electricity, mostly in Denmark, 15% in Spain and Portugal, 7% in Germany, 80 countries use wind power
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renewable energy: solar
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solar panels generate 10% of the electricity used by Cola museum, 90% used for heat
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solar energy: passive
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orient a building to the sun, select materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, design spaces that naturally circulate air
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solar energy: active
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use photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy
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geothermal
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clean and renewable, CO2 emissions are lower than fossil fuels, generates electricity, space heating
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geothermal electricity generation is done where
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near places where magma is close to the surface of the earth (West)
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geothermal energy can be used for both...
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space heating and space cooling
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alternative energy: hydrogen
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simple and most abundant element, can be produced from fossil fuels, not very usable
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alternative energy: nuclear
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energy used to boil water, which in tern generates steam, steam turns turbines which generates power
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Uranium
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source of nuclear energy, 2 forms (2 isotopes) U-238, U-235
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nuclear fission
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radioactive decay, breaking a large atoms into smaller atoms and particles
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nuclear fusion
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joining two relatively light elements to form a large atom
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world reserves of uranium # of quads
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240,000 compared to 67,500 quads for coal
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uranium in SC
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50% of the energy produced in SC
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the basic reaction that takes place in a nuclear power plant is ______. if the fuel rods get too hot, they can cause a _____.
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fission, meltdown
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James Hutten
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father of modern geology, uniformitarianism, the past is the key to the future,
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GEOL 110: Quiz 1