UGC 111: Midterm
139 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
|
Charles Darwin
|
Proposed theory of evolution
|
|
Early humans were found in
|
Asia and Africa
|
|
Paleolithic
|
"Old Stone Age"
|
|
Neolithic
|
"New Stone Age" (development of agriculture)
|
|
Cave Art
|
Early form of writing
|
|
Culture
|
material objects (tools, clothing, dwellings) and non-material objects (values, beliefs, languages)
|
|
Social Bonds
|
family dynamic, division of responsibilities based on gender
|
|
Why was the Neolithic Revolution so great?
|
shift to specialized agricultural tools, crop rotation, domestication of vegetation, domestication of animals
|
|
Problems with Neolithic lifestyle
|
staple crops led to poor diet, permanent settlements led to disease because of close proximity
|
|
Benefits of Neolithic agricultural lifestyle
|
agricultural output provided surpluses during drought and crisis, agriculture establishes permanence
|
|
Benefits of Neolithic development
|
larger villages leads to cities, develops differing trades and professions, safer and more protection, genetic diversity, family bonds, religious and cultural ideals
|
|
Cultural Expression
|
religion and rituals become more common, connections to nature (Mother Goddess, Earth Mother), ancestor worship, burial sites
|
|
8 aspects of a civilization
|
1.) cities as administrative centers
2.) political system based on controlling territory
3.) specialized trade/professions
4.) class distinctions based on wealth
5.) monuments/symbolism
6.) record-keeping
7.) long distance trade
8.) advances in science and the arts
|
|
Common feature of Egypt and Mesopotamia
|
near a river valley
|
|
Two rivers of Mesopotamia
|
Tigris and Euphrates
|
|
Nicknames for Mesopotamia
|
"Fertile Crescent" "Cradle of Civilization"
|
|
Because the "Fertile Crescent" lacked rainfall
|
irrigation systems developed
|
|
As city-states in Mesopotamia grew
|
they became increasingly aggressive
|
|
Hammurabi
|
engaged in warfare across the region to gain territory and resources
|
|
Three classes of Ancient Babylon
|
Free Landowners, farmers, slaves
|
|
Free Landowners
|
lived in cities, included royals, govt., clergy, merchants
|
|
Farmers
|
worked on land owned by upper class, lived in outlying areas (near farmlands)
|
|
Slaves
|
primarily employed in domestic service to the upper class
|
|
Hammurabi's Code was
|
one of the first formal codes of laws, earliest to have presumption of innocence
|
|
Hammurabi's Code had
|
different laws for different classes, shows that class matters in Mesopotamian society
|
|
In Mesopotamia, written records came from
|
scribes, primarily upper-class males
|
|
Paternalistic society
|
historians trace domestic/public lifestyles in contemporary Islamic tradition
|
|
Religion in the city-states
|
not a lot of religious freedom, centered around a ziggurat
|
|
Ziggurat
|
temple-like structure
|
|
Mesopotamians used metal for
|
art, durability, weapons, jewelry, currency
|
|
The Epic of Gilgamesh
|
civilization is created through godly intervention
|
|
Cuneiform
|
system of writing in Mesopotamia
|
|
River in Egypt
|
Nile River
|
|
Flooding in Egypt resulted in the creation of
|
canals
|
|
Hierarchy in Egypt
|
pharaoh
|
|
Memphis and Thebes
|
power bases established along trade routes
|
|
Egypt's isolationist culture made them
|
advance slower technologically, don't have as many resources/connections
|
|
Writing in Egypt
|
hieroglyphics
|
|
Record-keeping was done on
|
papyrus, made of a plant
|
|
Two rivers of Ancient China
|
Yellow River and Yangtze River
|
|
Sediment in China that is very fertile (yellow color)
|
loess
|
|
Product of Northern China
|
grains
|
|
Product of Southern China
|
rice
|
|
Shang Period began the commercialization of
|
silk
|
|
Development of silk=
|
development of China
|
|
Oracle Bones
|
cattle shoulder bones/tortoise shells are heated then crack to show messages (predicts future)
|
|
Mandate of Heaven
|
all those who were chosen to rule were chosen through god, the emperor himself is considered a "god"
|
|
Mesopotamia fell because of
|
outside invaders throughout the 1500's BC
|
|
3 key areas in Mesopotamia:
|
Babylon, Assyria, Hittites
|
|
Hittites
|
most powerful region, waged expensive warfare, gained wealth
|
|
Assyria
|
center of merchant/sea trade
|
|
Babylon
|
led by Hammurabi
|
|
New Kingdom Egypt
|
militarily agressive, conquering neighboring areas
|
|
Conquered people of New Kingdom Egypt were required to
|
pay tributes and taxes
|
|
Nubia
|
forced conquered people to adopt Egyptian language
|
|
Syria
|
stationed troops but backed friendly regimes
|
|
Mediterranean economy was based on
|
shipbuilding and mercantile interests
|
|
Mediterranean was dependent on
|
foreign nations for imports
|
|
"shaft graves" demonstrated
|
class differences
|
|
Language of Mediterranean
|
Linear B
|
|
Divine Nature
|
the king was both absolute and divine
|
|
Standardization of equipment began in
|
Assyria
|
|
Key traits of Assyrian army:
|
use of cavalry, standardized military equipment, use of "scorched earth" technique
|
|
"scorched earth" relied on
|
cruelty and destruction to ensure compliance and cooperation
|
|
Unlike Egypt, Assyrians were not interested in
|
assimilating enemies into their cultures
|
|
Assyrian society was heavily based on
|
agriculture
|
|
Library of Ashurbanipal
|
contained official documents, records, as well as cultural artifacts, artwork and scientific studies
|
|
Israel was the
|
crossroads of civilization (linked Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the mediterranean)
|
|
Earliest records in Israel come from
|
oral traditions
|
|
Hebrew Bible is also known as
|
the Old Testament
|
|
Israelites in Egypt is potentially connected to
|
the era in New Egypt where the civilization came under foreign control
|
|
Israel was overmatched by the
|
Assyrian forces
|
|
Assyrians destroyed much of
|
the Israeli Kingdom
|
|
Destruction of the Israeli Kingdom by Assyrians led to the phenomenon known as
|
Diaspora
|
|
The Assyrian Empire became increasingly difficult to control because
|
they conquered so many people, and their territorial claim was so large
|
|
Assyrian homeland was attacked by what would become the
|
Kingdom of Persia
|
|
The attack by the Kingdom of Persia on Assyria initiated a
|
cultural renaissance
|
|
Herodotus
|
wrote accounts of events from the ancient past, including battles between the Persians and the Greeks
|
|
Herodotus was the first historian to
|
write by collecting evidence and materials
|
|
The Persian Empire originated from
|
what is today Southwest Iran
|
|
Relatively little written records survive from
|
the Persians
|
|
Medes
|
derived from ancient Iran
|
|
Medes people were part of tribes that
|
helped bring down the Assyrian Empire
|
|
Cyrus, son of a Persian chief married
|
a Median Princess, uniting the civilization
|
|
Cyrus the Great
|
gained control but respected the traditions and cultures of the conquered
|
|
Cyrus the Great divided society into three groups:
|
warriors, priests (Magi), peasants
|
|
The Persian Empire grew to become the largest empire (at that time) under
|
Emperor Darius I
|
|
In Persia, the king provided
|
land to his supporters (early example of patronage?)
|
|
In Persia, the government distributed
|
food and supplies across the empire
|
|
Royal Persian family was very
|
mobile, moved across the empire throughout the seasons
|
|
Persepolis was constructed by
|
emperors Darius and Xerxes
|
|
Persepolis was designed to
|
display wealth of Persia
|
|
Religion of Persia was
|
Zoroastrianism
|
|
Zoroastrianism was
|
belief in a god named Ahuramazda, god willed King Darius to rule the world
|
|
Ancient Greece and Persia were
|
natural rivals due to close proximity
|
|
Greeks dominated the Mediterranean and other waterways because they were
|
skilled merchants and traders
|
|
Greeks spread their language and culture across
|
the Mediterranean and Aegean areas
|
|
Polis was
|
the Greek version of city states
|
|
Polis was composed of
|
an urban center and surrounded by rural territory, typically isolated by mountains
|
|
Rivalries between Polis' were
|
common because they were politically independent from one another
|
|
Hoplites were
|
a heavily armored Greek infantry who fought in close formation
|
|
The Greeks perfected warfare by using
|
Hoplites
|
|
Sparta
|
relied on harsh rule of conquered peoples combined with a strong military to maintain order
|
|
Males in Sparta were
|
subjugated to military lifestyles from early ages
|
|
Emphasis on military in Sparta led to
|
lack of culture (very black and white)
|
|
In contrast to Sparta, Athens was
|
very cultured and cosmopolitan
|
|
Problems in Athens were related to
|
class differences and government
|
|
Spartans tried to maintain a
|
relatively egalitarian society
|
|
Athenians were more
|
diverse than Spartans
|
|
In Athens, classes were divided by their
|
agricultural output
|
|
Top classes in Athens could
|
hold state offices
|
|
Lower classes in Athens
|
owned no property but, did have roles in the government through assembly
|
|
Pisistratus
|
was an aristocrat who seized power and used ceremonies, sporting events, etc. to keep people from concern over his consolidation of power
|
|
Pericles
|
democratized the govt., no class requirements, assembly rather than leadership
|
|
In the mid 5th century BC, Persia had begun to
|
conquer areas in Greece
|
|
Greeks rebel in 499 BC
|
attempting to overthrow Persian foreign rule
|
|
Greeks rebellion from foreign rule is known as
|
the Ionian Revolt
|
|
Ionian Revolt kickstarts a
|
5 year battle that eventually turns into two Persian Wars
|
|
Because of the Ionian Revolt
|
Athenians and Spartans come together
|
|
First Greco-Persian War
|
King Darius sends troops to punish Greek mainland city-states that supported the Ionian Revolt
|
|
King Darius' soldiers reached Athens but
|
were turned back by the Hoplite soldiers
|
|
Second Greco-Persian War
|
Xerxes wages both land and sea attacks into central and southern Greece
|
|
Battle of Thermopylae and the 300
|
Hoplites vs. Persians
|
|
Athenian Alliance
|
Greek city states form the Delian League
|
|
The Athenian Alliance was
|
a voluntary military alliance to respond to the Persian invasion
|
|
Within 20 years, Athenians had
|
driven out the Persians and freed all captive Greeks
|
|
Mastery of the navy allowed Athens to
|
have a very powerful military presence
|
|
Pireaus, Athen's major port
|
became the commercial hub of the eastern Mediterranean
|
|
Greeks placed importance on
|
politics, poetry, and art
|
|
Delian decline due to
|
Peloponnesian War (431 BC)
|
|
Infighting breaks out between Greek city-states over
|
Athenian supremacy, unrest also funded by the Persians
|
|
Athens blockaded itself using
|
naval superiority, to thwart enemy hoplites
|
|
Sparta and it's allies (with Persian financial support)
|
finally defeat the Athenians in 404 BC
|
|
Spartans fall into the same trap as the Athenians
|
cycle of war continues
|
|
Alexander the Great was
|
King of Macedonia
|
|
Alexander the Great conquered areas in
|
Greece, Persia, and eventually into Africa
|
|
Alexander the Great expanded his empire
|
while relying on previously established customs
|
|
Hellenistic Age spread
|
Greek culture throughout Western Asia and Northeastern Africa
|
|
Aspects of the Hellenistic Age:
|
medicine, anatomy, philosophy, math, mechanical science
|
UGC 111: Chapter 1-4