Development of European FeudalismEuropean divisionsEuropean Period of Warring StatesAdvantages of DivisionImportance of feudalismNew European EmpireWhy did a feudal society emerge in Europe?1 Superficial ConquestsHow big was Charlemagne’s army?Fall of Early European StatesPowerPoint PresentationPower of the Viking RaidersSlide 13Solution: Knight in Shining ArmorSlide 15Social basis of Knighhood: Manor SystemWhy peasants chose to abandon their freedomEuropean feudalism2 Why was Europe late?The ecological problem3 Solution: the Moldboard PlowSlide 22Slide 23Slide 24Technological approach again4 Social ProductionSocial consequencesInto the modern age5 Political problemSolution to the problemFirst Victims of Crusades: European Jews6 St. Francis of Assisi (1181 – 1226)What does the Bible say?Historical ImpactThe heresy of povertyJesus: Consider the liliesJewel in the LotusSlide 38Development of European FeudalismFrom the Moldboard Plow to the CrusadesEuropean divisions•Europe–Galileo’s (1564-1642) defense of Copernican astronomy banned by Church–In Germany, Protestant Kepler continues Copernican studies•> Political and religious divisions favor –continuation of science –and emergence of capitalismEuropean Period of Warring States•No unifying State after Charlemagne–crowned emperor by Pope Leo III on Christmas day, CE 800; d. 814•Period of warring states of Europe: 1100 years–Attempts by Spain in 16-17th c.–by France under Napoleon: early 19th c.–by Germany under Hitler: 20th c. –> 21st century: European Union •Merchants grow stronger between divided state powers in Europe–In England and France they ally with King against feudal lordsAdvantages of Division•In large centralized states, the ruler can stop the merchants: –China, Ottoman Empire•But not where states are divided: weakly centralized feudal states: –India and Europe•In feudal India, merchants are stymied by caste taboos against warfare•But European merchants fight to defend their independence of feudal lordsImportance of feudalism•1) Why Europe? > because of capitalism•2) Why capitalism? > because of feudalism•3) Next question: why feudalism?New European Empire•Charlemagne crowned emperor by Pope Leo II on Christmas day, 800–= Unity, partnership of Church and State•But by 900 this new united empire has basically disappeared. –How long did Charlemagne’s empire last?–>New social arrangement of Medieval European feudalism•So why did this all-European empire fall apart?Why did a feudal society emerge in Europe?1. Why did Charlemagne’s all-European state fall?2. Why did civilization develop so late in Europe?3. Nature of early European technology4. Social relations of production5. Political consequences6. Critique of medieval Christian religion – St. Francis of Assisi returns to the teachings of Jesus1 Superficial Conquests•Charles Martel (the Hammer) –stops Muslim invasion in France – 732•Grandson Charles the Great – “Charlemagne” – (Charles the Big and Tall)–crowned king of France-Germany in 800•>First and only All-European State•How big was Charlemagne’s army?How big was Charlemagne’s army?•Number of soldiers: 5,000–Aided by spiritual power of Church•Muslim armies: over 100,000 soldiersFall of Early European States•Division at death of Charlemagne into three parts–Sons get equal inheritance from father–Later rule: “primogeniture”•United still, with allegiance to the Pope •Why did this first and only all-European state fall?Power of the Viking Raiders•Viking (Scandinavian Norsemen) raids:•Main weapon–Longboats can carry 50 warriors–3 foot draft allows deep access into interior –Rapid attack on villages and retreat •Powerlessness of king’s centralized army to stop them•Who can stop them?Solution: Knight in Shining Armor•New fighting technology–Large horse–Lance–Stirrup•Need to be located close to all villages –Small local armies of knights–Life-long training required•What is the only way to defeat this weaponry?Social basis of Knighhood: Manor System•1) Serfdom arises during Roman period–Slaves had become too expensive as the empire stopped expanding–Serfs were cheaper, worked harder because they shared with the landlord in the wealth they produced•But northern territories beyond the empire involved free agricultural villages–Explanation for this is given belowWhy peasants chose to abandon their freedom•2) Free villages “enserf” themselves to Lord for protection from raiders–Peasants’ voluntary surrender of freedom –Lord’s “noblesse oblige” •Exchange product, labor for defense–Recall: functions of the state•Land, produce divided:–e.g., 2/3 for peasants, 1/3 for lordEuropean feudalism•Result: thousands of little feudal states, –each with its own set of laws •Loose hierarchy among lords: “vassalage” –Voluntary “pledge of allegiance” to higher lord, and of lords (barons) to King•>Vikings defeated•But they also triumph–Norsemen (Northmen) rule “Normandy”–Conquer England in 10662 Why was Europe late?•Europe inherits past technology of all history –=advantage of a late civilization•Europe’s natural agricultural potential–Rich farming land–Mild climate, rainfall–Compare to Arabian desert, China’s 1/12 arability•Until 500 CE: covered in forests–Why not clear the forests?The ecological problem•Rich soil but heavy with clay–Too hard to plow with traditional “scratch plow”•Rain, but at the wrong time and too much–Spring rains drown young wheat plants•Hence, planting on sides of hills–Water drains more easily–Chalky soil easier to cultivate3 Solution: the Moldboard Plow•Invented about 500 CE among German tribes•Three blades–Vertical: Plowshare (colter)–Horizontal: Ear–Curved moldboard •Heavy – drawn by up to 8 oxen•Furrow – direction of slope to river•Plowland – mound between two furrows•> Natural drainage, Long acreTechnological approach again•Recall Antigone: passage about “wonder” of man with animal-drawn plow •Compare to China’s rice production•Extension of technological approach, magnified: power over nature•Technological approach to nature culminates in the industrial revolution4 Social Production•New problem: High cost of moldboard plow for poor peasants•Solution: share animals, labor between members of community•Result: continuity of ancient