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UGC 111: Midterm
Charles Darwin
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Proposed theory of evolution
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Early humans were found in
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Asia and Africa
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Paleolithic
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"Old Stone Age"
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Neolithic
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"New Stone Age" (development of agriculture)
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Cave Art
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Early form of writing
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Culture
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material objects (tools, clothing, dwellings) and non-material objects (values, beliefs, languages)
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Social Bonds
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family dynamic, division of responsibilities based on gender
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Why was the Neolithic Revolution so great?
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shift to specialized agricultural tools, crop rotation, domestication of vegetation, domestication of animals
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Problems with Neolithic lifestyle
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staple crops led to poor diet, permanent settlements led to disease because of close proximity
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Benefits of Neolithic agricultural lifestyle
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agricultural output provided surpluses during drought and crisis, agriculture establishes permanence
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Benefits of Neolithic development
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larger villages leads to cities, develops differing trades and professions, safer and more protection, genetic diversity, family bonds, religious and cultural ideals
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Cultural Expression
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religion and rituals become more common, connections to nature (Mother Goddess, Earth Mother), ancestor worship, burial sites
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8 aspects of a civilization
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1.) cities as administrative centers
2.) political system based on controlling territory
3.) specialized trade/professions
4.) class distinctions based on wealth
5.) monuments/symbolism
6.) record-keeping
7.) long distance trade
8.) advances in science and the arts
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Common feature of Egypt and Mesopotamia
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near a river valley
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Two rivers of Mesopotamia
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Tigris and Euphrates
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Nicknames for Mesopotamia
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"Fertile Crescent" "Cradle of Civilization"
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Because the "Fertile Crescent" lacked rainfall
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irrigation systems developed
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As city-states in Mesopotamia grew
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they became increasingly aggressive
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Hammurabi
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engaged in warfare across the region to gain territory and resources
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Three classes of Ancient Babylon
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Free Landowners, farmers, slaves
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Free Landowners
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lived in cities, included royals, govt., clergy, merchants
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Farmers
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worked on land owned by upper class, lived in outlying areas (near farmlands)
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Slaves
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primarily employed in domestic service to the upper class
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Hammurabi's Code was
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one of the first formal codes of laws, earliest to have presumption of innocence
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Hammurabi's Code had
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different laws for different classes, shows that class matters in Mesopotamian society
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In Mesopotamia, written records came from
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scribes, primarily upper-class males
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Paternalistic society
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historians trace domestic/public lifestyles in contemporary Islamic tradition
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Religion in the city-states
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not a lot of religious freedom, centered around a ziggurat
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Ziggurat
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temple-like structure
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Mesopotamians used metal for
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art, durability, weapons, jewelry, currency
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The Epic of Gilgamesh
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civilization is created through godly intervention
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Cuneiform
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system of writing in Mesopotamia
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River in Egypt
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Nile River
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Flooding in Egypt resulted in the creation of
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canals
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Hierarchy in Egypt
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pharaoh
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Memphis and Thebes
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power bases established along trade routes
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Egypt's isolationist culture made them
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advance slower technologically, don't have as many resources/connections
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Writing in Egypt
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hieroglyphics
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Record-keeping was done on
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papyrus, made of a plant
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Two rivers of Ancient China
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Yellow River and Yangtze River
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Sediment in China that is very fertile (yellow color)
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loess
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Product of Northern China
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grains
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Product of Southern China
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rice
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Shang Period began the commercialization of
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silk
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Development of silk=
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development of China
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Oracle Bones
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cattle shoulder bones/tortoise shells are heated then crack to show messages (predicts future)
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Mandate of Heaven
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all those who were chosen to rule were chosen through god, the emperor himself is considered a "god"
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Mesopotamia fell because of
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outside invaders throughout the 1500's BC
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3 key areas in Mesopotamia:
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Babylon, Assyria, Hittites
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Hittites
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most powerful region, waged expensive warfare, gained wealth
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Assyria
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center of merchant/sea trade
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Babylon
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led by Hammurabi
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New Kingdom Egypt
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militarily agressive, conquering neighboring areas
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Conquered people of New Kingdom Egypt were required to
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pay tributes and taxes
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Nubia
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forced conquered people to adopt Egyptian language
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Syria
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stationed troops but backed friendly regimes
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Mediterranean economy was based on
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shipbuilding and mercantile interests
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Mediterranean was dependent on
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foreign nations for imports
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"shaft graves" demonstrated
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class differences
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Language of Mediterranean
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Linear B
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Divine Nature
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the king was both absolute and divine
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Standardization of equipment began in
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Assyria
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Key traits of Assyrian army:
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use of cavalry, standardized military equipment, use of "scorched earth" technique
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"scorched earth" relied on
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cruelty and destruction to ensure compliance and cooperation
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Unlike Egypt, Assyrians were not interested in
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assimilating enemies into their cultures
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Assyrian society was heavily based on
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agriculture
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Library of Ashurbanipal
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contained official documents, records, as well as cultural artifacts, artwork and scientific studies
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Israel was the
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crossroads of civilization (linked Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the mediterranean)
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Earliest records in Israel come from
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oral traditions
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Hebrew Bible is also known as
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the Old Testament
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Israelites in Egypt is potentially connected to
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the era in New Egypt where the civilization came under foreign control
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Israel was overmatched by the
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Assyrian forces
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Assyrians destroyed much of
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the Israeli Kingdom
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Destruction of the Israeli Kingdom by Assyrians led to the phenomenon known as
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Diaspora
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The Assyrian Empire became increasingly difficult to control because
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they conquered so many people, and their territorial claim was so large
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Assyrian homeland was attacked by what would become the
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Kingdom of Persia
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The attack by the Kingdom of Persia on Assyria initiated a
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cultural renaissance
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Herodotus
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wrote accounts of events from the ancient past, including battles between the Persians and the Greeks
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Herodotus was the first historian to
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write by collecting evidence and materials
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The Persian Empire originated from
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what is today Southwest Iran
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Relatively little written records survive from
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the Persians
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Medes
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derived from ancient Iran
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Medes people were part of tribes that
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helped bring down the Assyrian Empire
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Cyrus, son of a Persian chief married
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a Median Princess, uniting the civilization
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Cyrus the Great
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gained control but respected the traditions and cultures of the conquered
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Cyrus the Great divided society into three groups:
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warriors, priests (Magi), peasants
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The Persian Empire grew to become the largest empire (at that time) under
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Emperor Darius I
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In Persia, the king provided
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land to his supporters (early example of patronage?)
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In Persia, the government distributed
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food and supplies across the empire
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Royal Persian family was very
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mobile, moved across the empire throughout the seasons
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Persepolis was constructed by
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emperors Darius and Xerxes
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Persepolis was designed to
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display wealth of Persia
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Religion of Persia was
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Zoroastrianism
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Zoroastrianism was
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belief in a god named Ahuramazda, god willed King Darius to rule the world
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Ancient Greece and Persia were
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natural rivals due to close proximity
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Greeks dominated the Mediterranean and other waterways because they were
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skilled merchants and traders
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Greeks spread their language and culture across
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the Mediterranean and Aegean areas
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Polis was
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the Greek version of city states
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Polis was composed of
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an urban center and surrounded by rural territory, typically isolated by mountains
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Rivalries between Polis' were
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common because they were politically independent from one another
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Hoplites were
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a heavily armored Greek infantry who fought in close formation
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The Greeks perfected warfare by using
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Hoplites
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Sparta
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relied on harsh rule of conquered peoples combined with a strong military to maintain order
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Males in Sparta were
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subjugated to military lifestyles from early ages
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Emphasis on military in Sparta led to
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lack of culture (very black and white)
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In contrast to Sparta, Athens was
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very cultured and cosmopolitan
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Problems in Athens were related to
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class differences and government
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Spartans tried to maintain a
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relatively egalitarian society
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Athenians were more
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diverse than Spartans
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In Athens, classes were divided by their
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agricultural output
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Top classes in Athens could
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hold state offices
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Lower classes in Athens
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owned no property but, did have roles in the government through assembly
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Pisistratus
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was an aristocrat who seized power and used ceremonies, sporting events, etc. to keep people from concern over his consolidation of power
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Pericles
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democratized the govt., no class requirements, assembly rather than leadership
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In the mid 5th century BC, Persia had begun to
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conquer areas in Greece
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Greeks rebel in 499 BC
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attempting to overthrow Persian foreign rule
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Greeks rebellion from foreign rule is known as
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the Ionian Revolt
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Ionian Revolt kickstarts a
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5 year battle that eventually turns into two Persian Wars
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Because of the Ionian Revolt
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Athenians and Spartans come together
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First Greco-Persian War
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King Darius sends troops to punish Greek mainland city-states that supported the Ionian Revolt
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King Darius' soldiers reached Athens but
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were turned back by the Hoplite soldiers
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Second Greco-Persian War
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Xerxes wages both land and sea attacks into central and southern Greece
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Battle of Thermopylae and the 300
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Hoplites vs. Persians
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Athenian Alliance
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Greek city states form the Delian League
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The Athenian Alliance was
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a voluntary military alliance to respond to the Persian invasion
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Within 20 years, Athenians had
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driven out the Persians and freed all captive Greeks
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Mastery of the navy allowed Athens to
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have a very powerful military presence
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Pireaus, Athen's major port
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became the commercial hub of the eastern Mediterranean
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Greeks placed importance on
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politics, poetry, and art
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Delian decline due to
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Peloponnesian War (431 BC)
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Infighting breaks out between Greek city-states over
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Athenian supremacy, unrest also funded by the Persians
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Athens blockaded itself using
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naval superiority, to thwart enemy hoplites
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Sparta and it's allies (with Persian financial support)
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finally defeat the Athenians in 404 BC
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Spartans fall into the same trap as the Athenians
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cycle of war continues
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Alexander the Great was
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King of Macedonia
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Alexander the Great conquered areas in
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Greece, Persia, and eventually into Africa
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Alexander the Great expanded his empire
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while relying on previously established customs
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Hellenistic Age spread
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Greek culture throughout Western Asia and Northeastern Africa
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Aspects of the Hellenistic Age:
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medicine, anatomy, philosophy, math, mechanical science
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