ANSC 305: EXAM 1
122 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
|
seedstock
|
at least some of their income comes from selling breeding animals. main product is breeding stock sold to commercial producers. 1. sell replacement females for commercial/other female-producing herds and/or 2. sell breeding males.
Some animals will also be sold as stocker, feeder, or sl…
|
|
commercial producers
|
sell ONLY animals intended for slaughter. do NOT sell animals purposed for breeding stock.
|
|
stocker
|
take calves and puts on forage operation
|
|
Livestock Industry
|
Seedstock Producers > Commercial Producers > Stocker Operators > Feeders > Packers > Retailers > Consumers
|
|
genetic relationship
|
measure of expected genetic similarity
|
|
Relationship Coefficient
|
a measure of the expected fraction of the genes that 2 animals have in common due to common and/or direct ancestry.
|
|
Genetic effect of inbreeding
|
Increased Homozygosity
|
|
Inbreeding Coefficient
|
a measure of the fraction of an animal's gene pairs that are expected to be homozygous that would be heterozygous in an average non-inbred animal.
|
|
Relationship Coefficient (Rxy)
|
Rxy = cov. xy / sq.root( (1+Fx)(1+Fy) )
|
|
Inbreeding Coefficient (Fx)
|
Fx = ½ cov. (x's parents)
|
|
Table:
|
ancestor I 1+Fa I Path I Contribution = ½^n (1+Fa) I Contribution^2
|
|
Standard Error of relationship coefficient
|
more useful measure of the precision of the coefficient
defines an interval where there is a .68 probability that the fraction of genes that the animals actually have in common due to ancestry is between 1 std. error below and above the relationship coefficient
|
|
Std. Error of Parent-Offspring (SRxy)
|
SRxy = sq.root( (Σ contributions^2 - 1/4) / 2n )
|
|
Std. Error (SRxy)
|
SRxy = sq.root( (Σ contributions^2 / 2n )
|
|
Cattle
|
2n = 60
|
|
Horse
|
2n = 64
|
|
Sheep
|
2n = 54
|
|
Pig
|
2n = 38
|
|
direct ancestors
|
always difference of age, older animal is ancestor to younger animal (in younger animals pedigree)
|
|
common ancestor
|
some other animal (the common ancestor) is an ancestor of both of them (is in both their pedigrees)
|
|
angus and red angus
|
scotland (british beef)
species: bos taurus
colors: black or red
polled
traits: good marbling, good utters and milk production
|
|
hereford
|
england (british beef)
species: bos taurus
colors: red with white face, chest, legs, strip on neck, pink nose
horn or polled: both
traits: good marbling, hardy and adaptable,
|
|
shorthorn
|
england (british beef)
species: bos taurus
colors: red, white, or roan
horn or polled: both
traits: good milk, avg. udder, 1st in U.S.
|
|
Charolais
|
france (continental beef)
species: bos taurus
colors: white with tan nose
horn or polled: both
traits: heavy muscle, poor milk
|
|
simmental
|
switzerland (continental beef)
species: bos taurus
colors: red or white with blaze face some black
horn or polled: both
traits: heaviest milk (dual purpose), allow grade up
|
|
holstein
|
Holland (european dairy)
species: bos taurus
colors: black and white spotted
horn or polled: both - horned?
traits: heaviest milking, large frame, most dairy
|
|
jersey
|
jersey Island between france and england (european dairy)
species: bos taurus
colors: variations of brown with spotting
horn or polled: both - mostly horned
traits:small frame and size, milk high in butterfat, lighter bw calves, good with hot/humid climate
|
|
brahman
|
origin: U.S.from Indian breeds
species: bos indicus
colors: gray, red
horn or polled: mostly horned
traits: large frame, hump, heat tolerant, parasite resistant, not as fertile
|
|
beefmaster
|
Tx (bos indicus influenced composite)
species: bos indicus x bos taurus
colors: any color, red or yellow with bald face
horned or polled: both
traits: 1/2 brahman, 1/4 shorthorn, 1/4 hereford. Tom Lassiter, falfurious, selection for fertility
|
|
santa gertrudis
|
King Ranch Tx (bos indicus influenced composite)
species: bos indicus x bos taurus
colors: bright red
horned or polled: both
traits: 5/8 shorthorn and 3/8 bos indicus
|
|
Texas Longhorn
|
feral originally
species: bos taurus
colors: any color
horned or polled: horned
traits: hardy and tough, poor meat quality
|
|
wagyu
|
origin: japan (specialty breed)
species: bos taurus
colors: red or black
horned or polled: horned
traits: heavy marbling, must feed longer
|
|
boran
|
origin: kenya and ethiopia (african breeds of US importance)
species: bos indicus
colors: grey or red with dark on legs
horned or polled: most horned
traits: moderate frame, humped
|
|
rambouillet
|
france (finewool)
species: sheep
colors: fully white
horned or polled: knobs or scurred ewes, horned rams
traits: large, quality wool, breed out of season, most numerous in US, from merino
|
|
suffolk
|
england (medium wool)
species: sheep
colors: white body, black head and legs
horned or polled: polled
traits: slick legs, heavy muscle, good carcass quality
|
|
hampshire
|
england (medium wool)
species: sheep
colors: white body and wool cap with black face and legs
horned or polled: polled
traits: large wool cap, wool on legs, heavy muscle
|
|
southdown
|
england (medium wool)
species: sheep
colors: white with mousey face and legs
horned or polled: polled
traits: small to medium, early mature,popular show sheep
|
|
dorset
|
unknown, england (medium wool, prolific)
species: sheep
colors: white face
horned or polled: both
traits: medium size and frame, breed out of season, heavy muscle
|
|
lincoln
|
england (longwool)
species: sheep
colors: white with black nose
horned or polled: ***
traits: large with light muscle, long coat, coarse
|
|
columbia
|
origin: ** (crossbred)
species: sheep
colors: white
horned or polled: polled
traits: rambouillet x lincoln, finer than medium wool, heavy production, larger frame
|
|
dorper
|
origin: south africa (hair sheep)
species: sheep
colors: black head and white body or just white
horned or polled: polled
traits: dorset x black persian, not used for wool, hair breed
|
|
angora
|
Turkey (hair goat)
species: goat
colors: white
horned or polled: horned
traits: produce mohair, small frame and light muscle, specialty breed
|
|
boer
|
south africa (meat breed)
species: goat
colors: red headed white body
horned or polled: horned
traits: heavy muscle and large frame
|
|
spanish
|
spain (meat breed)
species: goat
colors: varied
horned or polled: horned
traits: low milk, low nutrient requirement - brush control, hearty
|
|
nubian
|
africa(dairy breed)
species: goat
colors: varied
horned or polled: horned
traits: large, long ears, known for butter fat
|
|
duroc
|
origin: US (american meat type) terminal sire type
species: hogs
colors: red
up or down ears: down
traits: lean, marble well, heavy muscle, sire breed
|
|
hampshire
|
origin: US (american meat type) terminal sire type
species: hogs
colors: black with white belt
up or down ears: up
traits: heavy muscle, poor sow productivity, terminal sire
|
|
yorkshire
|
U.S. but largely, england (white maternal breed)
species: hogs
colors: white
up or down ears: up
traits: prolific, maternal, high weaning weights
|
|
landrace
|
denmark (maternal breeds)
species: hogs
colors: white
up or down ears: down
traits: long body, extra vertebrae, prolific, large droopy ears
|
|
pietrain
|
belgium (european meat type) terminal sire type
species: hogs
colors: white with black spots
up or down ears: up-ish
traits: good carcass, carriers of stress gene
|
|
thoroughbred
|
origin: england (light breed)
species: horse
colors: solid colors
traits: arabian influence, speed, intermediate distance racing
|
|
arabian
|
origin: middle east (light breed)
species: horse
colors: solid colors
traits: dish faced, contribute to all light horse breeds, endurance runners, intelligent
|
|
quarter horse
|
origin: US (light breed)
species: horse
colors: solid colors
traits: spanish and thoroughbred influence, speed in short distances (1/4 mile), stockhorses and racing
|
|
palomino
|
origin: US (light breed)
species: horse
colors: yellow
traits: light, mane and tail (flaxen), similar to QH
|
|
paint
|
origin: US (light breed)
species: horse
colors: tobiano and/or overo pattern on various base colors
traits: color breed , tobiano - white over topline
|
|
appaloosa
|
origin: US (light breed)
species: horse
colors: eye encircled with white (like human eye)
traits: Naspierce Indians, hooves are striped vertically in black and white, patterns vary widely, most have either a blanket and or dark spots, some leopard
|
|
standardbred
|
origin: US (light breed)
species: horse
colors: solid
traits: Sulkey racing, pacers and trotters
|
|
clydesdale
|
scotland (draft)
species: horse
colors: bay, brown or black with sabino pattern, called roan but not true roan
traits: work horses, nervous disposition, feathering
|
|
percheron
|
france (draft)
species: horse
colors: blacks and grays (rarely chesnuts)
traits: no feathering on feet, farm work, most numerous draft at one point, light on feet
|
|
range of relationship coefficient
|
0 to 1
|
|
range on inbreeding coefficient
|
0 to 1
|
|
range of covarience
|
0 to 2
|
|
unrelated inbred animals tend to be more genetically _____ each other than unrelated non-inbred animals
|
different from
|
|
selection against a dominant gene
|
easy because you can always see it, if you breed homo recessive with homo recessive you will only get homo recessive offspring, the only problem is having enough homo recessive to start with
|
|
selection against a gene where heterozygotes are distinguishable from homo recessive and dominant
|
easy
|
|
selection against a recessive gene
|
difficult because you cannot see carriers
|
|
Probability of phenotypically Dominant animal being Homozygous Dominant (Po)
|
Po = (1+Ps+Pd+PsPd)/(3+Ps+Pd-PsPd)
Ps/d - probability of sire/dam being homozygous dominant
|
|
progeny testing for recessive genes
|
any mating of a phenotypically dominant animal, that could be homozygous dominant, to animals that could produce homozygous recessive offspring if the animal is heterozygous
|
|
2 outcomes of a progeny test
|
-all offspring dominant suggests homo dominant parent
-one or more offspring recessive proves that parent is heterozygous
|
|
Probability of Detecting a Heterozygote in a progeny test - probability of producing a homo. rec. offspring
(LOC)
|
LOC = 1- Π (PAA + PAa(3/4)^mi + Paa(1/2)^mi)^n
n = # of mates
mi = # offspring from the ith mate
PAA = probability mate is homo. dom.
PAa = probability mate is hetero.
Paa = probability mate is homo. rec.
|
|
Probability of being Homozygous Dominant based on BOTH pedigree and progeny info
(P(HD/CT))
|
P(HD/CT) = Po / [1 - (LOC(1-Po))]
Po = probability this animal is homo. dom. before progeny info
LOC = probability a hetero. would have produced at least 1 homo. red. offspring if tested the same
P(HD/CT) = probability animal is homo. dom. based on previous info and clean test
|
|
blue butts
|
E_____Ii or E_____ IIL
|
|
white, however some have a few dark skin spots
|
Ep_DD__Ii or eeDD__Ii or Ep_DD__IIL or eeDD__IIL
|
|
white, however many have a red tint to the hair and some have a few dark skin spots
|
Ep__d__Ii or ee _d__Ii or Ep__d__IIL or ee_d__IIL
|
|
Black
|
E-
|
|
Ep-
|
black spots on non-black background
|
|
ee
|
non-black with dark skin
|
|
______ii
|
full expression of base color
|
|
IL-
|
white belt
|
|
II
|
solid white
|
|
D-
|
DD - white
Dd - red > sandy
*does NOT affect E
|
|
black with 6 white points
|
EpEP__kkii or Epe__kkii
|
|
hampshire
|
EEddKKILIL, black with white belt
|
|
duroc
|
eeddKKii, red
|
|
yorkshire
|
EpEpDDKKII, white
|
|
landrace
|
EpEpDDKKII, white
|
|
chester white
|
EpEpDDKKII, white
|
|
spot
|
EpEpDDKKii, white with black spots
|
|
poland china
|
EpEpDDkkii, black with 6 white points
|
|
berkshire
|
EpEpDDkkii, black with 6 white points
|
|
phenotypic frequency
|
fraction of all animals in the population that are a particular phenotype
|
|
genotypic frequency
|
fraction of all animals in the population that have a particular genotype
|
|
gene or allelic frequency
|
in a population, the fraction of all alleles at a specific locus that are a particular gene
|
|
snorter dwarfism
|
species/breed: herefords and some angus
recessive: yes
test: no
description: short face, small, thick middle, snort when breathe, easily bloat, trouble belching, traces back to St. Louis Lad
|
|
comprest herefords
|
species/breed: hereford cattle
lethal: no
recessive: yes
test: no
description: 2 frame scores (4 inches) smaller than normal, live normally
|
|
crooked-legged dwarfism
|
species/breed: hereford cattle
lethal: ?
recessive: yes
test: no
description: short crooked legs in front
|
|
needle-nose dwarfism
|
species/breed: hereford cattle
lethal: yes, dont live past 1 year
recessive: yes
test: no
description: small head and nose, small body, can't chew cud, very low BW
|
|
dexter cattle
|
species/breed: cattle
description: carrier of bulldog dwarfism, heterozygotes are smaller, come up to about hip
|
|
bulldog dwarfism
|
species/breed: Dexter cattle
lethal: yes
recessive: yes
test: no
description: 2 heterozygote dexters together, short snubbed nose, born dead
|
|
palate-pastern syndrome
|
species/breed: charolais cattle
lethal: yes, can't stand or nurse
recessive: yes
test: no
description: cleft pallet and deformed pastern
|
|
hydrocephalus
|
species/breed: hereford cattle
lethal: yes
recessive: yes
test: no
description: water on brain, pronounced head
|
|
curly calf syndrome
|
species/breed: angus cattle
lethal: yes
recessive: yes
test: DNA test (AMF=free AMC=carrier)
description: deformed legs and spine, small, traced to GAR precision 1680
|
|
neuropathic hydrocephalus (water head)
|
species/breed: angus cattle
lethal: yes
recessive: yes
test: DNA test (NHF and NHC)
description: small, enlarged head, extreme hydrocephalus, cleft palate, small and short nose, cranial cavity filled with fluid, little to no brain tissue, traced to GAR Precision 1680
|
|
fawn calf (contractural arachnodactyly)
|
species/breed: angus cattle
lethal: no
recessive: yes
test: DNA test (CAC, CAF, CAA)
description: normal body weight, reduced range of motion, resemble elk or deer, taller and more slender than normal, usually appear normal by 4-6 months
|
|
developmental duplication
|
species/breed: angus
lethal: no
recessive: yes
test: DNA test (DDF, DDC, DDA)
description: born with additional limbs originating from neck or shoulder, may appear phenotypically normal
|
|
osteopetrosis (marble bone disease)
|
species/breed: angus and red angus
lethal: yes
recessive: yes
test: DNA test (OSF, OSC)
description: calves born 10-30 days early, die within 24 hours or born dead, short lower jaw, impacted molars, no bone marrow in bones makes them brittle
|
|
idiopathic epilepsy (shaker calves)
|
species/breed: hereford
lethal: yes, none has lived to be an adult
recessive: yes
test: DNA test (IEF, IEC)
description: animal has seizures from birth or several months, triggered by stresses or physical activity, during seizure calf may walk with stiff or irregular gate or lie on si…
|
|
tibial hemimelia syndrome
|
species/breed: found in shorthorn, now in other breeds
lethal: yes
recessive: yes
test: molecular test
description: abdominal hernia, shortened or absent tibia, distortion of rear leg structure, failure of proper neural tube closure, cryptorchidism, failed Mullerian duct development
|
|
pulmonary hypoplasia with anasarca
|
species/breed: cattle
lethal: yes
recessive: yes
test: molecular test
description: absence or near absence of lungs, fluid accumulation, lack of lymphatic development, high death rate of dams
|
|
itty bitty calves
|
species/breed: angus
lethal: yes, can't chew cud?
recessive: not simple recessive
test: no
description: very small calves
|
|
miniature charolais cross calves
|
species/breed: charolais
lethal: yes, can't chew cud?
recessive: unknown
test: no
description: same as itty bitty in angus
|
|
double muscling
|
species/breed: cattle, especially exotics
lethal: no
recessive: not completely
test: no
description: muscular hypertrophy, calving difficulties, small genitalia and udders, very little fat or marbling, structurally incorrect
|
|
callipyge
|
species/breed: sheep
lethal: no
recessive: no
test: no
description: muscular hypertrophy, don't show signs until 3 or 4 weeks of age, "beautiful butt"
|
|
impressive syndrome (hyperkalemic periodic paralysis)
|
species/breed: horses
lethal: no
recessive: no
test: molecular test
description: traced back to Impressive, double muscling in horses, must be genotyped to be registered, stress-prone and become paralyzed
|
|
HERDA
|
species/breed: quarter horses
lethal: live 2-4 years
recessive: yes
test: molecular test
description: lack of adhesion within dermis because collagen defect, layers of skin separate from each other, skin can roll off of horse, shows up when horse is being broken to ride, trace back to…
|
|
syndactyly
|
species/breed: all breeds
lethal: no
recessive: yes
test: no
description: mule footed, one toe, if only one affected it is front right then counter-clockwise
|
|
spider lamb syndrome
|
species/breed: originated in suffolk, seen in hampshire and dorset
lethal: yes
recessive: yes
test: molecular test (NN, NS-carrier)
description: badly deformed legs
|
|
lethal white foal syndrome in frame overos
|
species/breed: frame overos
lethal: yes
recessive: no
test: no
description: deformity of rectum, foals can't deficate, can't absorb nutrients
|
|
brain hernia
|
species/breed: pigs
lethal: usually
recessive: yes
test: no
description: some were raised with care and used in breeding tests
|
|
parrot mouth dwarfism
|
species/breed: southdown
lethal: yes
recessive: yes
test: no
description: small in size, top jaw overextends bottom
|
|
ancon dwarfism
|
species/breed: occurred in cheviots in norway
lethal: no
recessive: yes
test: no
description: seriously handicapped, dachshund type legs
|
|
dwarfism in finewool sheep
|
species/breed: merino heritage
lethal: no
recessive: simple recessive
test:no
description: legs bow out, more crippled than ancon, badly deformed front legs
|
ANSC 307: Exam 1