ANSC 107: EXAM 1
102 Cards in this Set
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Ad Libitum
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allowing animals to eat all they want at all times
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Compensatory Growth
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increased growth rate in response to previous undernourishment
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Concentrate
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A feed that is high in energy, low in fiber content, and highly digestible.
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Horses act of parturition
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-foaling
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Goats act of parturition
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kidding
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Swine act of parturition
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farrowing
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Sheep act of parturiton
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lambing
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Dogs act of parturition
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whelping
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Cat act of Parturition
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-littering
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Poultry act of mating
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mating
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Breed
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animals of common origin having characteristics that distinguish them other groups the same species
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Breed Environmental Contraints
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climate, forage supply, specific production goals
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Sire breeds
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fast growing, muscular, late maturing, low milking (slaughter)
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Maternal breeds
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early maturing sexually, inherently fertile, moderate to heavy milking, small to moderate size. (Reproduce)
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Sire Breeds
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Charolais
Limousin
Hampshire(swine)
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Heterosis (hybrid vigor)
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ability of offspring to out perform the average of the parents breed
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Angus Cattle (Scotland)
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-excellent marbling
-Largest number of annual registrations in the U.S.
- market at a premium higher than any other CAB
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Hereford Cattle (England)
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-Red with white face, also white on underline, switch, etc.
-2nd largest annual registrations
-don't have the natural ability to marble
-very little pigmentation
-high propensity for cancer eye
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Brahman Cattle (India)
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-bred to live in very hot climates, gray hump, floppy ears
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Brangus Cattle (US)
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-black and naturally polled
-most "widespread" composite in the U.S.
-high tempered levels
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Beefmaster Cattle (US)
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-developed by Tom Lasater in the 1930s in Falurias, TX
-About 50% Brahman, 25% Shorthorn, and 25% Herefor, composite breed
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6 essentails of BeefMaster
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-weight
-conformation
-fertility
-hardiness
-disposition
-milking ability
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Chianina Cattle (Italy)
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-off-white hair coat with black skin pigmentation
-has had a tremendous impact on the "show steer" industry
-One of the oldest breeds in the world
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Texas Longhorn Cattle (Texas, were of Spain origin)
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-Long distinctive horns
-Hobby breed- hides, horns, pets
-very hardy
-very skinny
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Brown Swiss Dairy Cattle (Switzerland)
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-large docile breed from the Swiss Alps known for its strength and vigor
-muzzle is very light and often a light colored dorsal
--average lactation (305 days) of 16,135 pounds of milk
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Holestein- Friesian Dairy Cattle (Netherlands)
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-black and white color
- fluid milk production
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Jersey Cattle (Isle of Jersey)
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-vary from light tan to dark fawn with darker shadings around the head and lower legs
- highest percentage of butterfat
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Swine Breeds
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-Seedstock Producers
-Commercial Producers
-Corporate Production Units
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Landrace Pig (Denmark)
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-white in color with huge drooping ears
- the most prolific swine breed that is longer than other breeds because of an extra vertabrae
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Duroc Pig (US)
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-average carcass merit, tend to be fatter than Hampshire sired pigs.
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Hampshire Pig (US)
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-black with a white belt around shoulders, erect ears
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Pietrain Pig (Belgium)
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-normally stressed positive
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Merino Sheep (spain)
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-most dominant breed in the world wide sheep industry
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Hampshire Sheep (England)
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-Hampshire are dark brown to black and the sheep should have a wool cap on the head
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Southdown Sheep (England)
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-One of the oldest sheep breeds
-stubborn
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Suffolk Sheep (England)
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-black head and legs
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Goat Breeds
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-less than 1 pound of lamb is eaten by the average US citizen in 1 year
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South African Boer Goat (south africa)
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-a hardy, fast growing meat-type goat
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Spanish Goat (Spain)
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-refer to goats of mixed breed origin
-prolific
-before boer goat
-they breed with anything
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Nubian Goat (Africa)
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-most popular breed of registered dairy goat in the US
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Horse Breeds
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-horses are measured in hands
-1 hand = 4 inches
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Arabian Horse (Arabia)
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-the head and neck of the ideal Arabian are distinctive, with relatively small, dished, triangular shaped head and a long, highly arched neck that is set in the shoulder.
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American Paint Horse (US)
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-Two basis color patterns: Tobiano(white over dark color; white crosses back)
Overo- dark over white; no white crosses back.
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Thoroughbred (england)
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-famous stallions include Secretarist, Northern Dancer and Bold Ruler
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American Quarter Horse (US)
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-work cattle
-rodeo horse
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Belgian Horse (Belgium)
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-predominant color is light sorrel with flaxen mane and tail
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Clydesdale Horse (Scotland)
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-the "Budweiser Hitch" is made up of Clydesdale
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Leghorn Poultry
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-from the Mediterranean
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White Cornish Poultry
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- England
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Broad Breasted White Turkey
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-Thanksgivng turkey
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Cow-Calf
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-300-700# sold at 6-10 months old
-retain replacement females
-90% use bulls instead of A.I.
-Efficiency is based on pounds of product produced per cow
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Cow-Calf selection goals
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-Fertility
-Weaning weight
-Cow efficiency
-Adaptability
-Quality products produce
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Feedlot
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-high energy(concentrate) diet
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Slaughter facilities purchase cattle by:
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pen
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Beef industry is NOT vertically Inegrated
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Vertically Integrated: one company owns everything of that animal
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Dairy
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-most highly specialized industry
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Texas
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-7th in Dairy production
-6th in dairy cow numbers
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Cow Health Issues
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-Mastitis
-Ketosis
-Milk Fever
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Mastitis
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-inflamation of the udder caused by bacterial infection
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Ketosis
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- Energy shortage due to metabolic problems (not enough energy)
-normally seen 4-6 weeks after parturition
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Milk Fever
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-low blood calcium causing muscle weakness at/or near calving
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Parturition
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-the act of giving birth to young; childbirth
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T.D.N.
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Total Digestible Nutrients
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Roughage
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a feed that is high in fiber, low in digestible nutrients, and low in energy..
Hay, straw, silage, and pasture
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Feeder
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animals which need no further feeding prior to slaughter
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Fill
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the contents of the digestive tract
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Carcass Merit
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the value of a carcass for consumption
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Dark Cutter
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color of the lean in the carcass.
Has a dark appearance usually caused by stress to the animal prior to slaughter.
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Contemporary Group
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a set of animals of the same sex and breed that have been raised under similar enviromental and management conditions.
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Fertility
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the capacity to initiate, sustain, and support reproduction.
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Haploid
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Half the normal number of chromosomes.
Found in sperm and ova
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Cull
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to eliminate from the breeding population
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Libido
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sex drive of the male
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A.I.
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Artificial Insemination
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E.T.
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Embryo Transfer
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Estrus or Heat
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the period of mating activity in the female
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Estrus Synchronization
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controlling the estrous cycle so that a high percentage of the females in the herd express estrus at the same time.
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Clone
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an individual grown from a single somatic cell of its paren
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Estrous
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an adjective meaning "heat" that modifies such words as "cycle". Estrous cycle is the hear cycle or time from one heat period to the next
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Dystocia
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difficult birth
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Lactation Period
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period that female produces milk
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Weaning
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Taking a young animal from its dam (mother)
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Colostrum
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the first milk given by the female following delivery of her young
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Dry
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non-lactating female (mare,cow,ewe,sow)
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Anestrous Period
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the time when a female is not in estrus. The non-breeding season
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Open
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non-pregnant females
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Scurs
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small hornlike tissue attached to the skin of polled or dehorned animals
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Spaying
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the removal of the ovaries from the female reproductive tract (most often done in cats and dogs)
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DHIA
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Dairy Herd Improvment Association
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Castration
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removing the testicles
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Bovine
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cattle
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Equine
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Horses
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Porcine
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Swine
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Caprine
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Goats
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Ovine
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Sheep
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"There is more variation within breed than there is between breeds"
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is a quote we often hear. While this is generally true, some breeds have distinct advantages in specific traits that set them apart from the others.
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Feedlot Factors Influencing
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-quality
-yield
-dressing %
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Seedstock
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Specialized cow-calf system-cows develop to breeding age
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California
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leading state in dairy production
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Dairy
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most highly specialized industry
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What Improved?
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-Genetics
-Feeds
-Management
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Stocker
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-Roughage based diet
-lightweight, thin cattle
-selection factors: price, growth potential, health
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Test 1: Study Guide