PSYCH 100: EXAM 1
64 Cards in this Set
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Naturalistic/ Standard Observation
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as unobtrusive as possible, just watching --- act differently if it's known that you're being watched
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Participant Observation
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college student embedded in the class who seems like all the others
-Rosanhan: being sane in insane places
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Correlation--- cannot have a cause and effect relationship
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measure of relationship between two variables
-positive correlation: variables related in the same direction
-strength: how well it relates to the other
-negative correlation: variables related in opposite direction
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Independent Variable
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any variable that the researcher manipulates in the experiment
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Dependent Variable
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the variable that's being measured in the experiment and is thought to respond to the change in independent
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Experimental Group
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the group that's manipulated
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Control Group
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-treated the same as experimental w/o manipulation, serves as comparison
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Central Nervous System
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-brain and spinal chord
-command center processing info and making decisions on interaction w/ outside world
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Peripheral Nervous System
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contains all other nerves and is chiefly divided into: somatic and autonomic divisions
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Autonomic Division
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consists of: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic systems
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Sympathetic System
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fight or flight
-hands sweat, blood pumps to muscles
-pass a cop
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Parasympathetic System
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rest and digest
-coming down to equilibrium state
-realize cop won't come after you
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Neurotransmitters
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-chemical messages that traverse the space between neurons
-bind to receptor sites
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Excitatory Neurotransmitter
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causes receiving cell to fire
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Inhibitory Neurotransmitter
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causes receiving cell to stop firing
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Acetylcholine
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Memory and Learning
--Alzheimers (antagonist)
Movement
--Black Widow Venom (agonist); Botox (antagonist)
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Dopamine
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Aspects of Movement and Emotion
--too much=elevated mood (schizophrenia, cocaine)
--too little=muscles rigidity (Parkinson's)
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GABA
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most common
inhibitory primarily
--low levels: anxiety, insomnia, seizure
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Serotonin
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related to mood, arousal, sleep
primarily inhibitory
involved w/ dreaming (high level: LSD, hallucinations; low level: depression)
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Medulla
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non-conscious body functions (breathing, heart rate, etc)
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Pons
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important for states of consciousness as well as sensory and motor info (alot of nerve fibers running through)
-locked-in syndrome
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Cerebellum
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helps coordinate voluntary movement including balance, accuracy, and movement timing
-sobriety tests
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Thalamus
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main relay station for majority of sensory info
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Hypothalamus
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plays crucial role in modulating and regulating a large number of behaviors from eating to sleeping
-on-off switches
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Limbic System
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loosely defined group of structures involved with emotion and learning/memory
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Hippocampus
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memory---damage results in failure to create new memories
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Amygdala
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emotions--primarily negative emotions (fear, etc)
--mouse had removed and went right over to cat
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Temporal Lobe
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-processing sound and language (damage= difficulty understanding/ hearing voices)
-recognition of visual objects
-storing new memories
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Occipital Lobe
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visual info (damage= partial or complete blindness)
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Parietal Lobe
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-shifting our attention (damage= unilateral neglect)
word: hippo
only see: hip
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Frontal Lobe
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contains primary motor cortex
involved w/ expressive speech
plays crucial role in planning and impulses
--Phineas Gage
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Absolute Threshold
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-least energy for stimulus detection 50% of the time
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Just Noticeable Difference
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-smallest difference detectable 50% of time
--Weber's Law: always a constant percentage change (not constant amount)
weights
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Habituation/ Selective Attention
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brain stops attending to constant, unchanging stimuli (cognitive/ auditory)
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Rods
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-more
-in periphery
-made for scoptic/night vision
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Cones
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-less
-centrally located
-photopic/ daytime vision
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Plato
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-tripartite theory of reasoning
-brain=rational thinking
-heart=irrational thinking (fear, pride, courage, anger)
-liver/gut=irrational thinking (greed, lust, jealousy)
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Aristotle
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-cardiac hypothesis of reasoning
-heart more important, brain regulates body temperature
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Hippocrates
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-humoral theory: brain major control center
-mental illness because of bio (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile)
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Galen
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-surgeon to gladiators, manipulated brain and heart
-stated that brain is central organ of cognition
-ventricular theory: particular areas in your brain housed mental processes
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Descartes
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-followed dualism approach (mind tells you what to do, brain carries out)
-the body is like an automaton with tiny tubes or balloons running into muscles, which acts as a hydrolic system
-got in trouble w/ church and kicked out of France
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Gall
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-phrenology: skull features represent underlying brain development (bumps=strengths and weaknesses)
-brain made up of different organs; mapped out skill
-says brain is mind (poor methodology)
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Flourens
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-hired by French to prove Gall wrong
-conducted experiments on pigeons to support Holism
-inaccurate theory, but good methodology
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Localization
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-functions are housed in various portions of the brain
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Holism
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-belief that all the brain's functions come from just the brain, not different areas
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Galvani
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-discovered bioelectricity accidentally with frogs legs on hooks on iron railing
-believed muscles contained "animal electricity" - frogs legs twitched
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Structuralism
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having a defined set of elements that assist in psychology
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Wundt
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-father of psychology
-1st psych lab in Germany
-mind consists of basic elements analyzed via objective introspection
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Titchener
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-introspect about physical objects and thought
-wanted to create a periodic table for mind (what comes to mind when you see certain objects)
-flawed: too difficult to come up with so ended structuralism
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William James
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-1st American psychologist
-constantly flowing stream of thought, but if you try to freeze it into certain elements, you change its natural process
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Behaviorism
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wanted nothing to do with mind--focus on exactly what you do
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Biopsychological
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attribute human and animal behavior to biological events (to the brain itself)
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Cognitive
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memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving
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Evolutionary
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through the process of natural selection, how certain processes have developed to aid in survival
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Psychodynamic Approach
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-insight therapy for fear and anxiety
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Surveys
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-a research method that involves interviewing or giving questionnaires to a large number of people
-advantages: can ask about emotions
-disadvantages: can be dishonest; won't take it seriously
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Case Studies
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-a type of research that involves making in-depth observations of individual persons
--less controlled; can be as small as 1 person large
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Soma/ Cell body
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-cell's life support center
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Dendrites
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receive messages from other cells
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Axon
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passes messages from body to other areas
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Terminal Ends
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form junctions with the other cells
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Action potential
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depolarization to threshold results in an Action Potential
-potential to have action
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Depolariztion
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-movement to the threshold results in action potential
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All or none phenomenon
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-you have one or you don't
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PSYCH 100: EXAM 1