PSY 370: CHAPTER 14: CULTURAL PSYCH
34 Cards in this Set
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Cross Cultural Psychology
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How culture interacts with personality psychology
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Culture
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psychological attributes of groups, customs, habits, beliefs, that shape emotions behavior and life patterns.
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Enculturation
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When you are born in a culture
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Acculturation
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Process through which an individual acquires new approaches, beliefs, and values by coming into contact with other cultures.
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WEIRD countries
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western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic. represents only 12% of the world's population
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Etics
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The universal components of an idea. In cross-cultural psychology, aspects of a phenomenon that all cultures have in common.
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Emics
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The locally relevant components of an idea. In cross-cultural psychology, the reference is to aspects of a phenomena that are specific to a particular culture.
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tough vs. easy cultures:
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T- few goals are viewable, few ways provided to achieve them
E- many different goals, some easily attained
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Achievement vs. affiliation cultures:
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Cultures that focus on getting to the top, being the best they can, better than everyone else, pushing their kids to the top. vs. personal relationships with people.
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Characteristic of culture: complexity
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Number of relationships, politics, and technology. A number of people you come in contact with every day, the more people the more ____ of culture. Hunter and gatherer cultures... low ____ of culture.
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Culture characteristics: Tightness & Looseness
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-Tightness: deviance from proper behavior is not tolerated; there are strong social norms (cultures tend to be tighter if they are densely populated or ethnically homogeneous) - TOLERATE LITTLE DEVIATION
-Looseness: deviance from proper behavior is more tolerated; there are many differen…
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Head vs. Heart culture characteristics:
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creativity, critical thinking VS religion, love, hope, feelings of emotions.
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Mutual constructivism:
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when culture is shaping you, but you are also shaping your culture.
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Independent cultures
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North America, Western Europe
--More focus on internal reasons for behavior
-- More focus on being different from others
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Interdependent cultures
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cultures in which people tend to define themselves as part of a collective, inextricable tied to others in their group and placing less importance on individual freedom or personal control over their lives
mainly eastern cultures (eastern Asia)
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individualism/collective dimension
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a measure of a culture's emphasis on either individual achievement or social relationships
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vertical societies
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assume that individual people are importantly different from each other
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horizontal societies
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Cultures that tend to view all persons as essentially equal.
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Culture Characteristics: Dignity
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Key idea of such cultures is that individuals that are valuable in their own right and this value does not come from what others think of them.
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Culture Characteristics: Honor
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These cultures are said to emerge in environments where the forces of civilization-- such as laws and police-- are weak or nonexistent and people must protect themselves, their, families, and their property.
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Culture Charactersitics: Face
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Emerge in societies that have stable hierarchies based on cooperation. People in such a culture are motivated to protect each others' social image by being careful not to insult, overtly criticize, or even disagree with each other in public.
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Triandis
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3 Dimensions; Cultural complexity, Cultural Tightness, Collectivism
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cultural complexity
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how complex (advanced) a culture is: cognitive complexity
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Cultural tightness:
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conscientiousness and intolerance for ambiguity
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Collectivist vs. Individualist:
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allocentrism vs. ideocentrism
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Are there different traits for different cultures? Is the meaning the same?
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the big five have been observed in 50+ cultures, many variations have been found.
Only conscientiousness, extraversion, and agreeableness should be considered universal.
- Difficulties of translation
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Holistic Thinking
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people focus on the overall context, specifically the ways in which objects relate to each other; east asian cultures
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independent thinking
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questioning assumptions and interpreting data based on one's own beliefs, ideas rather than pre-established beliefs.
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Values in cultural psychology:
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The search for universal values, possible list of 10.
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10 universal values
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-self-direction
-stimulation
-hedonism
-achievement
-power
-security
-conformity
-tradition
-benevolence
-universalism
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deconstructionism
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cultures are so fundamentally diff. that they cannot be compared b/c no independent or common frame of reference exists; no meaning outside of constructed interpretations- arbitrary/local; no lens-free way to view any culture- ea. culture's view of reality is complete & cannot be judged f…
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The ecology Approach (old model)
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Ecology --> Culture --> Socialization --> Personality --> behavior, In this model, behavior comes from personality, which comes from implicit and explicit teaching during childhood, which is a product of the culture.
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The ecology approach (newer model)
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In this model everything affects everything else. Ecology changes the culture, but culture also changes the ecology. Ecology changes the mind, but the mind changes the ecology too.
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Ethnocentrism:
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Observations of other cultures will be influenced by the observer's own cultural backgrounds.
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PSY 370: CHAPTER 14: CULTURAL PSYCH