PSYC 2070: GENDER LECTURE
49 Cards in this Set
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sex
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refers to the biological aspects of being male or female
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gender
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refers to the behavioral, psychological, and social characteristics of men and women
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gender stereotypes
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shapes our opinions about how men and women act sexually; affect how we act and interact sexually
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gender roles
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culturally defined behaviors seen as appropriate for males and females(e.g. attitudes, emotions, personality traits, even body language)
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culturally defined
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means the differences in gender roles are primarily due to the ways in which we are taught to behave
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gender traits
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innate or biologically determined gender specific behaviors; remain constant in different societies
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if gender specific behaviors are social then...
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we would see very different gender roles in different societies
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masculinity and femininity refer to...
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the ideal cluster of traits that society attributes to each gender
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African Americans are less gender role stereotyping than whites because...
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African Americans are less sex role restricted and believe they have both masculine and feminine traits
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gender differences in behavior are usually always caused by...
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interactions between innate biological capacity and environment
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biological gender differences in boys
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aggression, size, and strength
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biological differences in girls
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neurology and maturity
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socialization
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the process whereby an infant is taught the basic skills for functioning in society
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evolutionary theory
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considers evolution and our physical nature in which gender differences are seen as ways we develop in adaptation to our environment
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social learning theory
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people learn gender roles from their environment
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cognitive development theory
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suggests that children go through a universal pattern of development, which parents cannot alter much
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Piaget's theory
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stated that children can only process a certain kind and amount of information at each developmental stage
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gender schema theory
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organize our thinking about gender; more powerful than other schemas and they are used more often because our culture emphasizes gender and gender differences
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schemas
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cognitive mechanisms that organize our works that develop over time, are universal, and are determined by culture (e.g. cultural maps)
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androgyny
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having both masculine and feminine characteristics; believed to allow greater flexibility in behavior people have a greater repertoire of possible reactions to a situation
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gender congruence
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biological sex, gender identity and gender expression all match
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gender fluidity
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a flexible range of gender expression, which can change day to day and allows less restrictive and stereotypical gender expressions
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gender diverse
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individuals whose gender identity or gender expression lie outside the socially accepted gender norms
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transgender
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term referring to a person or group of people who identify or express gender in a variety of different ways, typically in opposition to their biological sex
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queer or genderqueer
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umbrella terms that refer to a range of different sexual orientations, gender behaviors, or ideologies
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transsexualism
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a condition in which people identify with a gender other than the one they were given at birth
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gender dysphoria
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a condition in which a person feels extreme confusion and/or discomfort between his or her biological sex and gender identity
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sex reassignment surgery(SRA)
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wide range of surgical options to change genitalia on a transsexual; also referred to as gender reassignment
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process of sex reassignment
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psychotherapy, Cross sex hormone therapy and can end with genital surgery
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empty nest syndrome
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the feelings of sadness and loss that many women experience after their children leave home or no longer need day-to-day care
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when do children form strict stereotypes of gender behavior
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when they recognize physical differences between boys and girls and categorize themselves
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sex typing
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a way of thinking that splits the world into basic categories(male and female); suggests that most behaviors,thoughts,actions, professions and emotions fit 1 gender more than the other
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Gender is __________contructed
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socially
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who decides how gender will be defined and what it will mean?
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societies
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William &best found that what?
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in 30 diff countries people generally agree on gender role stereotype(e.g., viewed men as stronger, more active, and higher in achievement, autonomy, and aggression)
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buss found that what?
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in 37 countries, women and men value different qualities in each other; women place higher value on being"good financial prospects" and "ambitious& industrious"; whereas men place value on physical attractiveness
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4 types of personalities regarding femininity and masculinity
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low in femininity, high in masculinity
high in femininity, low in masculinity
low in both ("undifferentiated")
high in both("androgynous")
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Masculinity: The Hunter
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contradictions: be provider yet not live for work, be strong but do not cut off emotions
role: safeguard, willing to give up lives to ensure groups future by protecting women's ability to reproduce
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what is the downside to being a male?
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men do not live as long as women due to the demands of the male role
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do males or females have narrower stereotypes
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males
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men who conform to society's ideas of gender have less_____ in their behavior than women
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flexibility
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femininity: the nuturer
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womanhood: virtuous, educated motherhood, wife companion, woman as person; modern north American culture are contradictory state women stay home, seek a career)
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the gender spectrum
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includes gender congruence, gender fluidity, gender diverse, transgender, and queer/ genderqueer
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what is one of the greatest change in career and family life
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movement of women out of the home and into paid employment
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adulthood: careers and families
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with high employment, more women have been returning to work or working longer hours; as a result heterosexual partners are taking on more of the household duties; mostly in love income families
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in low income families women are are primary breadwinners in how many families?
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two thirds
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black and Latina women have less rigid aging stereotypes than what type of women?
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white women
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what kind of women are more positive about aging and looking old
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lesbian
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what type of men have more negative attitudes about aging and why?
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gay because american gay culture places more emphasis on young and youthful bodies
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PSYC 2070: COMMUNICATION