73 Cards in this Set
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Competition
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Both species suffer
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Mutualism
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Both species benefit
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Predation
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Benefit at expense of others
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Commensalism
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Benefit one species, does not affect the other
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Symbiosis
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Two species living close together
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Fundamental niche
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It's potential resource niche
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Ghost of competitions past
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Resource partitioning
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Realized niche
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The actual species use of resources, as constrained by interactions with other species
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Character Displacement
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Form of resource partitioning that causes evolutionary changes in character when species coexist
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Diversity
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Measure of the variety of organisms in a community
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Richness
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Number of species in a community
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Species abundance
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Proportion of all individuals in a community of each species
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Trophic Diagram
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Represents who eats who in a community
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Energetic Hypothesis
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10% of organic material at one level is converted to organic material at the next level
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Dynamic Stability Hypothesis
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Instability will be magnified up food web
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Bottom up control
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Number of individuals are controlled from the bottom
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Top down control
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Number of individuals are controlled from the top
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Net Primary Production
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Gross Primary Production - Respiration
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Gross Primary Production
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Amount of energy from light transformed into organic molecules
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Trophic Efficiency
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% of production that moves from one trophic level to the next
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10% Rule
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Cause of fewer individuals at the higher levels
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Nitrites
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Poisonous to plants
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Nitrogen Gas
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80% of air
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Nitrogen fixation
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Either by lightening or by bacteria in root nodules and soil
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Dispersion
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the spacing among individuals within the population boundaries
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Population decrease
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Death and emigration
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Population increase
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Birth and immigration
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Exponential growth
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Growth without limits (dN/dT)=rN
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N
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The population size
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Logistic Growth
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Growth with limited resources
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K
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Carrying Capacity
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Ro
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the lifetime reproductive success measured as the number of daughters produced per Female.
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Ecological Succession
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Disturbed area may be colonized by a variety of species, which are gradually replaced by other species, which in turn replaced by still other species
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Primary Succession
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occurring in an environment in which new substrate devoid of vegetation and usually lacking soil, such as a lava flow or area left from retreated glacier, is deposited.
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Secondary Succession
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Occurs when an existing community has been cleared by some disturbance that leaves the soil intact
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Ecosystem
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The sum of all organisms living in a given area and the abiotic factors which they interact
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Primary Producers
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The trophic level that ultimately supports all others (consists of autotrophs)
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Primary Consumers
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Herbivores, which eat plants and other primary producers
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Secondary Consumers
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Carnivores that eat herbivores
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Tertiary Consumers
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Carnivores that eat other carnivores
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Detritivores
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Consumers that get their energy from detritus (non living organic material)
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Primary Production
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The amount of light energy converted to chemical energy in the form of organic compounds during a given time period
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Limiting nutrient
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Element that must be added for production to increase
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Secondary Production
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The amount of chemical energy in consumers' food that is converted to their own biomass during a given time period
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Production Efficiency
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The % of energy stored in assimilated food that is not used for respiration
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Moisture
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The two main factors controlling primary production in terrestrial ecosystems at regional and global scales are temperature and
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Net Secondary Production
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The energy stored in biomass represented by growth and reproduction
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Wilting
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Occurs when water lost by transpiration is not replaced by absorption from the roots
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Leaves
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Typically function on gathering sunlight and carbon dioxide
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Stems
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Serve as supporting structures for leaves and as conduits for the long-distance transport of water and nutrients
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Roots
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Mine the soil for water and minerals and anchor the plant
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Mycorrhizae
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Mutualistic associations between roots and certain soil fungi that aid in the absorption of minerals and water
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Apoplast
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Everything outside the cells' plasma membrane
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symplast
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The cytosol and connecting plasmodesmata
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Water Potential
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The direction of water movement depends on
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Turgid
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The osmotic uptake of water by plant cells and the resulting internal pressure that build up makes plant cells
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Bulk flow
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The movement of liquid in response to a pressure gradient
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Xylem
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Bulk flow occurs within the tracheids and vessel elements of the
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phloem
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Bulk flow occurs within the sieve-tube elements of the
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Mature leaves
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The main sugar sources
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Sugar sinks
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Growing organs such as roots, stems, and fruits are the main
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turgor Pressure
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Helps maintain stiffness of plant tissues and serves as driving force for cell elongation
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flaccid
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When a cell loses water, it becomes
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Axillary bud
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Structure that can form a lateral shoot, commonly called a branch
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Apical bud
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Composed of developing leaves and a compact series of nodes and internodes
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Apical Dominance
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The inhibition of axillary buds by an apical bud
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Epidermis
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layer of tightly packed cells
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Cuticle
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A waxy coating on the epidermal surface
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Periderm
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In woody plants, protective tissues that replace the epidermis in older regions of the stems and roots
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Stele
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The vascular tissue of a root or stem
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Indeterminate growth
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Constantly growing and at any given time has embryonic, developing, and mature organs
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Determinate growth
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Stop growing after reaching a certain size
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Meristems
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What makes plants capable of indeterminate growth
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BCOR 012:Exam 3