49 Cards in this Set
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quasi-experimental
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-studies conducted outside a controlled lab setting
- increase external validity
- decrease internal validity
- less conrol over potential confounds
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time series
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- within subject design
- may not involve random selection
- utilizes a pre-test post-test design
track meet score - meditation training - track meet score
problems: practice or time effect, dont know normal "fluctuation" w/ no txt, use interrupted
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interrupted
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- same as time series except uses multiple pre/post-test measures
- better estimation of normal fluctuation
- problems: no control group
- unclear whether variables other than Iv cause differences in pre/post test measures (then use multiple)
- pre test/pre test/pre test IV po…
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multiple time series
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- same as interrupted time series, except it includes a control group, changes to a btw-subj design.
- problems: unknown variable may still affect exp control or both groups
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non equivilant before-after
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- identical to multiple but how you measure DV is different
- at pre-test there are 2 groups that look different at pretest
- run like reg experiment w/ control group
- history effect is out but maturation confound is possible (have thorough knoledge of the groups being used and …
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retrospective
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- relationship between events that have occurred in the past
- work backwards, wish to determine the antecedents of this outcome EX: inreased rate of suicide by veterans (IV possibly occurs later but no true manipulation, it occurred but not in a control manner)
- no random selction…
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two functions of naturalistic observations
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1. acquire knowledge where little is known (simply observe and provide general description)
2. gain insight regarding possible patterns or lawful relationship (statistically examine possible associations, howver no cause-effect relationship)
typically combined with correlation
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correlation coefficient
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-1 or 1 = high correlation
close to 0 = weak correlation
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validity concerns with naturalistic observations/correlations
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- the observer noticeable? if so - hawthorne effect?
- accuracy of observations (researcher bias) (use multiple observers and pre-training)
- boredom by researcher
- data recording (dont rely on memory, need for clear OD)
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reactive behavior
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hawthorne effect
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advantages/disadvantages of naturalist observations
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- describes "real behavior"/see how behavior unfolds over time
- not explanatory/limited representation of sample/ethical concerns (informed consent/right to privacy)
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survey research
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Advantages: -study behaviors you cannot (or difficult to) directly observe
-access self-report data
-relatively easy to administer
-economical
Disadvantages: -self-report data can lack reliability and/or v…
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steps to survey reseasrch
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1. state broad objectives
2. narrow to specific (state hypothesis)
3. determine population/sample
4. select survey protocol (phone/email)
5. choose types of q and response (open-ended, decision will effect your analysis)
6. select analysis plan (relate to hyp and #5.. conte…
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narrow your broad objectives down to specifics in the beginning rather than just ask a bunch of questions
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- Hypothesis will guide the comparisons made.
Could compare answers to specific questions.
Could compare aggregated scores across several questions.
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open ended questions
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- no fixed answers: doesn't impose specific answer, researcher may learn something
- but difficult to analyze (content)
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fixed - alternatives
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- picks from set of responses
- certain similar questions can be combined to form indexes, easier to analyze than o.e
- but limits nature of responses, dont know reason for response choice
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combined o.e and fixed
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- pick from choices or write in response
- o.e may be hard to classify but fixed gives general guideline
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funneling
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- begin with o.e question then follow with more specific responses
- gets participant to think of answer and how it fits before choosing answer
- disadvantage same as fixed alternative
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semantic differential
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response that uses bipolar adjectives such as )good and bad, soft and hard, modern and old fashioned, interesting and boring, hot and cold, slow and fast) in relation to a particular concept or idea
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considerations when writing survey questions
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1. only ask what you need to, if private give options (salary)
2. avoid ambiguity (unclear/uncertain..self worth)
3. avoid double negatives
4. avoid wording that is leading/biased
5. order effects (asking all + qs before -)
6. avoid making questions too long/confusing
7.…
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single subject design
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*random sampling is not necessary, -only 1 or a few individuals
*focus is on individual behavior, not "average" behavior -if more than 1 participant, data are often not averaged
- interested in functional changes rather than statistical
- less interested in theories, more intere…
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goal of single subject design
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Goal: To determine functional (causal)
relationships between environmental
variables (IV) and behavioral variables
(DV).
NOTE: IV manipulation can involve either the
introduction or removal of a variable thought to
influence behavior.
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ABA/ABAB Withdrawl Design
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A= pre treatment (baseline) record all behavior
B= experimental treatment
A (2nd)= withdrawl phase, must be a changed back to pre-intervention conditions
- Reversal of intervention condition i.e. take away medication to see if that was what made a difference in behavior
B (2nd)= addit…
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multiple element design
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except you compare different
levels of a given IV during each treatment (B) phase.
Two or more levels of the IV
- involves multiple reversals ABABAB
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limitations to reversal
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- can only work when baseline can be revisited quickly, if not, possible carry-over confounds
- with multiple design.. possible order effects, to solve use counterbalance across participants
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when to use multiple baseline design
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*use when we believe treatment may permanently change behavior (or be long lasting)
*monitor several participants simultaneously, -establish baseline for each participant
-apply treatment to 1 participant & note whether a change in behavior occurs
-the…
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limitations of baseline design
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-each individual or group being monitored must be independent of the others
-if not, can get "cross-contamination" of IV across individuals or groups
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ethical issues in all sciences
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-seek knowledge/answers
-carry out research in a competent manner
-to report results accurately & completly
-to acknowledge the contributions & work of others
-to consider the potential impact of their work, both on participants & the general public
-speak out publically on…
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process and products of research
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process - issues can arise during experiment
product - issues can arise when reporting results and how they will be used
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piltdown man
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- evidence was completely fabricated and even created by researcher
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Tuskagee Study
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Treatment withheld from syphilis patients to study schizophrenia, supposed to last 6 months, lasted 40 years
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Cyril Burt
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Claimed that his studies of identical twins reared together and apart showed intelligence to be largely innate. Evidence suggested that Burt invented his data, and a major scandal ensued.
- false claims about developing "factor analysis" statistical analysis technique-and may have fabr…
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dr andrew Wakefield did what
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falsified data that led to parents refusing to have their children immunized against measles, mumps, and rubella, leading to epidemic outbreaks of these diseases.
- thought it caused autism
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national research act of 1974
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-required all institutions seeking federal research funds create committee to review research projects
-department of agriculture & the public health service formulated guidelines for the care & use of laboratory animals
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requirments for IRB
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-must be comprised of at least 5 members of varying backgrounds
-at least one member must NOT be affiliated with the institution
-cannot be either all male or all female
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IRB: proposal format
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-brief description of study & purpose
-qualification of investigator
-details of participants & recruitment strategy
-methodology
-procedure for obtaining informed consent
-potential risks (likelihood, severity, attempts to minimize)
-deception?
-s…
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at risk?
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"Does the study pose something more-in terms of magnitude or probability-than 'every day' risk?
- should include social, physical, psychological
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minimize risk that may exist
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- debriefing, confidentiality, anonymity
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informed consent form
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inform participants of all aspects of the study that may reasonably affect their willingness to participate
-respond to participants questions about the study
-indicate that participants is voluntary & they can terminate it at any point without penalty
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define informed consent
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we have told the participants all the aspects of the study and they gave us their consent to use their participation
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who cannot give consent
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-mentally ill
-developmentally delayed
-children <18 years
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undue inducement
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- offers that get people to do what they normally wouldn't or too attractive of offer to pass up
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deception
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- contradicts the practice of informed consent through ommission (witholding information) or commission (delibrately misleading)
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milgram and deception
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*preferred more neutral terms of "masking" or "technical illusions"
-people are often misled in the real world
-in some cases "the ends justify the means"
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use of deception
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��Importance of the research?
�� Are there legitimate alternatives to deception?
�� EX: Role Playing
�� Can it mimic a real situation?
�� Do people actually act as they “believe” they would act?
�� How “noxious” (harmful) is the deception?
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importance of debriefing
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-because the experimenter removes any misconceptions and offers a full discussion of the experiment
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privacy
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Refers to the rights of individuals to decide/determine how
information about themselves is communicated to others.
- protected by anonymity and confidentiality
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risk/benefit ratio
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*is this study worth it?
-are the potential risks to the individual worth the potential gains for the individual or society?
-what is the probability that valid, interpretable results will be obtained?
…
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research with animals
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�� Intention:
�� Answering questions about animal behavior
�� Gaining knowledge without putting humans in jeopardy.
�� Ethical obligation to look out for the welfare & treat them humanely.
�� Clear rational for use
�� Minimize distress, discomfort & pain
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PSYCH 312: EXAM 5