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Phylum Gnathostomulida
Jaws worms; lead to simple, blind gut small Fr gnathos = mouth & stoma = opening. live near coastlines can tolerate deep water, Glide and swim monociliated epidermal cells accoelmate, no circulatory system internal cross fertilization
Phylum Micrognathozoa
-small size and cell consistency -Pseudocoelomate -Reproduction: females only. 3 pairs of jaws -locomotion: cilia, adhesive pads
Phylum Rotifera
fr rota = wheel & fera = bearing -foot; pedal glands that secrete adhesive locomotion; swimming with cornal, cilia, or both -mastax -syncytial body (cell membranes dissappear) -small size and cell consistency -simple execretory system -no circulatory system -may reproduce by parth…
Class Seisonidea
P: Roteria C: Seisonidea -marine, elongate, corona vestigial, sexes similar
Class bdelloidea
P: Roteria C: bdelloidea swimming or creeping, anterior end retractile, corona with two trochal disks,males unknown, parthenogentic
Class Monogononta
P: Rotifera C: Monogononta swimming or sessile single gemovitellarium males reduced in size three types of eggs; amictic, mictic, dormant
Phylum Acanthocephala
fr akantha = spine & kephale = head; synctial body wall w/ many little wrinkles to ↑ SA; has retractable proboscis w/ rows of spines for attachment in host intestines
Phylum Cycliophora
lives only in decapod mouthparts; acoelomate w/ a u-shaped, complete gut; sexual & asexual phases chordoid larvae can swim to new host eats bacteria or dropped food
Phylum Gastrotricha
fr gaster = stomach & thrix = hair; elongated w/ spines, partially synctial epidermis, & longitudinal muscles; gas exchange via diffusion; solenocytes instead of flame cells
Phylum Entoprocta
fr entos = w/n & proktos = anus; resemble cnidarians but w/ ciliated tentacles; sessile microscopic ciliary feeders cup-shaped calyx w. longitudinal muscles only
Phylum Ectoprocta
fr ektos = outside & proktos = anus; sessile colonies w/ individual zooids filter feed w/ extended lopophores called polypide zoecium = exoskeleton cystid = body wall
Phylum brachiopoda
fr brachion = arm pous/podos = foot lamp shells sessile filter feeders open circulatory system external fertilization attached substrate with pedicel juveniles resembles adult, pedicel attaches, adult existance begins
Phylum Phoronida
FAN WORMS named from latin Phoronis; white heifer small wormlike, shallow coaster water secretes a tube, lives there entire life; becomes sessile u shaped gut contracile blood; not a closed circulatory system; no heart mostly monoecious, free swiming ciliated larve called actinotor…
nematocyts
P: Cnidaria found in cnidarians specialized organelles that require slight stimulation to fire a chemical projectile containing toxin type of cnidocyte fastest animal motion recorded
Phylum Cndaria
-fr knide=nettle & aria=plural(latin for colonial) -All posesss cnidocytes (resp for stinging) -Longest fossil history; 700 my -aquatic; mostly marine -sessile -shallow; warm water -mutalistic/commensalistic/parsistic
mutalism
-both individuals benefit
commensalism
-one individual benefits, on has no efffect
parasitism
-one individual benefits, the other experiences a loss
Economic importance
-most cnidarians of minimal economic consequence -except for corals
Coral reefs
provide food and tourism most diverse aquatic ecosystem >50% of all marine species, <1% ocean area.
Coral Reefs
-structure made from hermatypic (reef building) corals and coralline algae. usually scleractinian corals
Cnidarian Characteristics
•Cnidocytes present, usually nematocysts •Aquatic •Radially or biradially symmetrical •Have polyps and medusae •Diploblastic with mesoglea (2 germ layers)
Cnidarian Characteristics
•Extracellular digestion •Simple nerve net •No excretory or respiratory system •No coelomic cavity•
Polyp
Sessile, hydroid repoduce asexually budding, fission, and pedal laceration phenotypic plasticity or polymorphism(single genotype can have multiple phenotypes) eg Hydrozoa Hydranths vs Gonagia.
Medusa
jellyfish, mobile sexual reproduction unattached polyp free swimming with bell or umbrella shaped bodies tetramerous symmetry; body parts in fours statocytes - orientation ocelli - light perception
Body walls
Three layers 1. outer endoermis 2. inner gastrodermis 3. mesoglea no true muscle cells
mesoglea
covers body, thickest in stalk, thinnest in tentacles support via hydrostatic pressure elastic skeleton jelly in jelly fish
mesoglea
P: Cnidaria C: Anthozoa -a mesenchyme containg ameboid cells -blue area
Cindocyte
•Unique cell type to Cnidarians –Several types: adhesive, recoiling, nematocysts. •Called a cnidoblast during development. •Cnidae (organelle) are discharged, cell is resorbed. Nematocyst – specialized type of cnidae.  Contains a chitin like material.  Covered by a lid called an ope…
Nematocyst
Nematocyst – specialized type of cnidae. Contains a chitin like material. Covered by a lid called an operculum.  Operates using hydrostatic pressure differences.
Polyp Feeding 
Carnivorous Catch with tentacles and pass to cavity digestion is internal, but extracellular
Medusa (feeding/digestion)
mouth on bottom(manubrium) usualy filter feeder but not always symbiotic algae diet
Polyp (feeding/digestion)
- tentacles - extracellular - intracellular (lines gastrovascular cavity) - mouth on top
Coral Bleaching
Zooxanthellae die or leave corals, depriving the coral of nutrition –Results from warmer water from climate change, pollution, eutrophication
nerve net
diverse simple nervous system two way transmission animals - synapse on one side cnidarians - synapse on both sides no myelin No centralization; some have rhopalia (eyes) sensory cells
Neuromusular system
combination of sensory and nerve cells digestive in annelids nerve plexuses in mammals
Rhopalia
1. Light sensing organ 2. Basically eyes – fairly complex 3. cluster of sensory cells, precurser to centralization 4. includes ocelli
Hydrorhiza (polyp)
P: Cnidaria C: Hydrozoa -base like a rootlike stolon
Hyocauli (polyp)
P: Cnidaria C: Hydrozoa -stalks, cellular part called coenosarc, covering called the perisac. attached to hydrocaulus, hydranths or gastrozooids for feeding.
Class hydrozoa (medusa)
p- Cnidaria c- Hydrozoa velum - margin of bell that projects inward entocodon - a developmental layer from ectoderm unique to Hydrozoa differentiates into mucles
Velum (medusa)
p- Cnidaria c- Hydrozoa -margin of the bell that projects inward
entocodon (medusa)
p- Cnidaria c- Hydrozoa -developmental layer from ectoderm unique to hydrozoa differenciates into musclesrozoa
Hydra Sp.
live on aquatic leaves >3cm body is slender with tentatcles at one end & basal disc for attatchment catches prey with nematocytes on tentacles Sexual/Asexual reproduction mouth located on top of a conelike called hypostome
Hypostome
mouth located on top of a conelike structure
Epitheliomuscular cells (EM)
p- Cnidaria c- Hydrozoa g- Hydra -for covering and contraction
interstitial cells
p- Cnidaria c- Hydrozoa g- Hydra -undifferentiated stem cells, make everything but EM cells
Gland cells
p- Cnidaria c- Hydrozoa g- Hydra -secrete adhesive that allows the hydra to attach, found around foot
cnidocytes
p- Cnidaria c- Hydrozoa g- Hydra -through the whole epidermis
sensory cells
p- Cnidaria c- Hydrozoa g- Hydra -in the epidermis; have synapse on one end and a flagellum on the other
nerve cells
p- Cnidaria c- Hydrozoa g- Hydra -both one way and two way
genus physalia
p-Cnidaria c-Hydrozoa g-physalia portuguese man of war -pneumatophore (sail) - for floation drift with the currents -dactylozooids - fishing tentacles -gonozooids or gonophores - sacs containing empty space and ovaries or testes
dactylozooids
p-Cnidaria c-Hydrozoa g-physalia polyp for defense in hydroids fishing tentacles
gonozooids
p-Cnidaria c-Hydrozoa g-physalia -polyp for reproduction in hydroids ovaries and testes
genus Obelia
p- Cnidaria c- Hydrozoa g- Obelia -colonial hydrozoan -Sessile (permanently attached to one object) -Can exhibit polyp (asexual stage) or medusa (sexual stage) -Polyps produce medusae asexually and medusa produce gametes for sexual reproduction
Four important areas of Tubularia:
-Hydranth -Hypostome -Gonophore -Capitate tentacles.
Class scyphozoa
p-Cnidaria c-Scyphozoa Most jelly fish No velum Medusa Possess nerve net Mouth on sumbrellar side Mandubrium with 4 frilly oral arms 4 gastric pouches radial canals from each pouch lead to ring canal
genus Aurelia
P: Cnidaria C: Scyphozoa g: Aurelia sexes seperate; fertilization internal ingastric pouch of female zygote develop in seawater larvae - becomes scyhistoma Strobiliation - Aurelia makes saucer buds called ephraye and becomes strobila.
Strobilation
P: Cnidaria C: Scyphozoa g: Aurelia - process by which aurelia makes saucer like buds called ephyrae and becomes a strobila
genus cassiopeia
P: Cnidaria C: Scyphozoa g: cassiopeia -upside down jellyfish -no tentacles on umbrella margin -highly branched mouth -characteristic oral arm structure frilly oral arm filter feed -contains energy producing symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae)
Zooxanthellae
P: Cnidaria C: Scyphozoa g: Aurelia -symbiotic algae that live within coral polyps
class Staurozoa
P: Cnidaria C: Stauroza no medusa phase polyp body is stalked eight arms nonswimming planula devlops into a polyp
class Cubozoa
P: Cnidaria C: Cubozoa consists of the box jellyfish and sea wasps medusa predominate polyp inconspicuous or unknown strong swimmers & voracious predators dangerous to humans (sea wasp) rhopalia present - 6 eyes Sunbrella edge turns inward to form velarium allows it to swim
genus Chironex
P: Cnidaria C: Cubozoa G: Chironex -Box jellyfish -sea wasp -deadly
Class Anthozoa
P: Cnidaria C: Anthozoa "Flower animals" - polyp with flower like appearance -Three classes (orders) hexacorallia/zoantharia - anemones; hard corals Ceriantipatharia - tube anemones and thorny corals Octocorallia - soft and horny coral -Gastrovascular cavity larg and partitione…
Subclass Hexacorallia or Zoantharia
P: Cnidaria C: Anthozoa SC: Hexacorallia/Zoantharia -anemones, hard corals
Subclass Ceriantipatharia
P: Cnidaria C: Anthozoa SC: Ceriantipatharia -tube anemones and thorny corals
Subclass Octcocorallia
P: Cnidaria C: Anthozoa SC: Octcocorallia -soft and horny corals, sea fans
Order Actinaria
P: Cnidaria C: Anthozoa SC: Hexacorallia O: Actinaria -sea anemones -large poylps; cylindrical form -crown of tentacles around oral disk -mouth is slit shaped; leads to pharynx -Siphonoglyphs - slits leading into pharynx to create water flow -Pharynx leads to gastrovasular cavi…
siphonoglpyhs
P: Cnidaria C: Anthozoa SC: Hexacorallia O: Actinaria -slits leading into pharynx to create water flows -pharynx leads to gastrovascular cavity with six chambers (mensenteries)
genus Anemone Order Actinaria
P: Cnidaria C: Anthozoa SC: Hexacorallia O: Actinaria -slowly glide, looking for prey -overwhelm prey with nematocysts, and pull into mouth mutualistic relationships zooxanthellae hermitcrabs fish -Sexes separate monoecious species (sperm first, then eggs) Asexual reproducti…
genus Hexacorallian corals (hard corals) Order Scleractinia
P: Cnidaria C: Anthozoa SC: Hexacorallia O: Scleractinia -true/stony corals; -tiny anemones living in self made cups -gastrovascular cavity hexmerous -no siphonoglyph (no flaps) -exoskeleton - calcareous skeleton secreted below living tissue -living tissue covering hard skele…
Subclass Octocorallian corals Order Alyconaria
P: Cnidaria C: Anthozoa SC: Octocorallia O: Alyconaria Stricy octomerous symmetry 8 pinnate tentacles 8 unpaired, continuous septa All colonial comunicate via gastrodermal tubes called solenia that run through mesoglea called coenchyme Most beautiful corals
fringing reefs
-close to a landmass with either no lagoon or a narrow lagoon between reef and shore
barrier reef
-parrallel to shore and has a wider and deeper lagoon that fringing reef
atolls
-reefs that circle lagoons but not islands
patch reefs
-patches of reef away from main reef usual off the initial slop
Reef front
-the side facing the slope
reef crest
-the highest point of the reef, where it may touch the surface, OR where the reef begins to descend down the slope
reef flat
-where the slop flattens out
Where do sand come from?
-parrot fish poop sand
Phylum Cetenophora
P: Cetenophora -fr kteis/ktenos= comb & phora=plural for bearing -sea walnuts/comb jellies -all marine, all seas, perfer warm water -free swimming, few creep, few sessile -surface,a few go deep
genus Pleurobranchia 
P: Cetenophora G: Pleurobranchia -no head; oral/aboral axis -transperent with gelatinous layer -tentacles that capture plankton colloblast - epidermal glue cells food laden tentacles wiped across mouth
genus Pleurobranchia
P: Cetenophora G: Pleurobranchia -gelatonous layer called collenchyme -digestion both extracellular & intracellular -two anal cavities -simple nervous system; no central control -sensory organ called statocyst
collenchym
P: Cetenophora G: Pleurobranchia -gelationous layer
colloblasts
P: Cetenophora G: Pleurobranchia -epidermal glue cells
statcyst
P: Cetenophora G: Pleurobranchia -sensory organ
Ctenophore
•Most monoecious •Gonads line gastrovascular canals under comb plates •Fertilized eggs discharged into water •One recognized order (Cydippida) that is paraphyletic –Unresolved phylogenetic relationships •Ctenophores often bioluminescent
pneumatophore
p-Cnidaria c-Hydrozoa g-physalia pneumatophore (sail) - for floation
velarium
P: Cnidaria C: Cubozoa -allows class Cubozoa to swim -a flap under the umbrella which concentrates and increases the flow of water pushed out from the umbrella.
Cnidara and Ctenophora phylogeny
-radially symmetrical; planula like ancestor -diploblastic -radiata; coelenterata
diploblastic
two tissue layer
triploblastic
three tissue layer
protostomia
blastopore forms mouth
deuterstomia
blastospore forms anus
Phylum Acoelomorpha
P: Acoelomorpha -small flat worms (not flatworms) -live in marine sediments; few pelagic
Acoelomorpha Characteristics part 1
•Rootlets of epidermal cilia form interconnecting network •Most free living, some commensal, some parasitic •Bilateral symmetry, body flattened dorsoventrally, anterior concentration of nerve cells •Epidermis cellular •Gut absent or incomplete and saclike
Acoelomorpha Characteristics part 2
•Mesdermal muscle cells: longitudinal, circular, diagonal •Radially arranged nerve cords •Asexual reproduction by fragmentation •Monoecious sexual reproduction via internal fertilization •No excretory or respiratory system
Phylum Playhelminthes
P: Playhelminthes from platys=flat & helmins=worms -real flat worms -free living or parasitic
Turbellaria
-cellular, cilliated epidermis -rhadbites - rod shaped, fill with water for protection -dual gland adhesive organs glands for adhesion glands for unsticking -have multiple types of muscle fibers under epidermis -digestion is extracellular and intracellular
Parasitic flatworms 
-syncytial teguments as a covering many nuclei in a single cell membrane resistant to the immune system of the host -have multiple types of muscle fibers under epidermis -no digestive system rely on host to break down food many have blind ended intestine -digestion is extracellular…
protonephridia
flatworms use ... for simple waste excretion and osmoregulation -most waste excreted across body wall
flame ell
Protonephridia has a unique flame cell that is shaped like a cup with a tuft of flagella -Flagella draws fluid through the weir, which acts as a collecting net for particles
Nervous and sensory systems
some have longitudinal nerve cords -nerves organized into distinct types sensory motor association well developed tactile and chemo reception more developed senses than cnidarians
Ocelli
photosensitive eyespots
statocyts
equilibrium
rheoreceptors
sensing water currents
Phylum Platyhelminthes
-flatworms, free-living turbellarians, parasitic flukes, tapeworms -most marine but some freshwater -acolemates -digestive gut to present with no anus -bilateral symmetry -first to have cephaliztion (sensory/nervous tissue into head end of body) -three tissue layers: endoderm, mesod…
Phylum Platyhelminthes Reproduction
Reproduce Sexually & Asexually -asexual (great regenerators) fission fragmentation -sexual most monecious but cross fertilize most have free swiming larve
Class Turbellaria
P: Platyhelminthes C: Turbellaria -mostly free living worms -creep along that use muscles and cillia to move
Class Trematoda (Subclass Digenea)
P: Platyhelminthes C: Trematoda SC: Digenea -All parasitic flukes; almost all are adult vertebrate parasites. -Many species of medical and economic importance -complex life cycle -intermediate and definitive hosts Adults inhabitat lots of organ systems digestive,respiratory, c…
Genus clonorchis Subclass digenea
P: Platyhelminthes C: Trematoda SC: Digenea genus clonochis -human liver fluke -ingested via undercooked fish -Intermediate host: snail -final host: vertebrate
Clonochis -human liver fluke
1. Shelled embryo or larvae excreted to water 2. Miracidium (free swimming larvae) turn into sporocyst. 3. Sporocyst penetrates snails (mollusks) and reproduce asexually creating more sporocyst or rediae. 4. Rediae reproduce asexually making cercariae 1. develop into metacercariae (ju…
genus Schistoma Subclass Digenea
P: Platyhelminthes C: Trematoda SC: Digenea genus schistoma human blood fluke -dioecious (seperate houses) -intermediate host: snail -definitive host: humans/vertebrates     -cercaira penetrates skin, infect the intestinal veins and cause enlargement of other organs-
Schistoma - blood fluke
1. Eggs discharged in human waste 1. if they make it into water, hatch as miracidia 2. Miracidia get into snail 1. creating sporocyst which makes more sporocyst 2. give rise to cercariae; NO REDIAE 3. cercariae swim until contact human skin 1. burrow in, find blood vessel, and burro…
Swimmer's itch
-North American natural lakes -Normal hosts are birds -bore into humans by mistake die, releasing irritating chemicals resembles mosquito bites
Paragonimus - lung fluke
1. Eggs coughed out of lungs, swallowed, eliminated through feces 2. Zygotes develop in water 3. Miracidium finds snail 1. Miracidium, then rediae, then cercariae 4. Cercariae shed into water or ingested by crabs eating snails 1. Metacercariae develop in crabs 5. You eat undercooked…
Class Monogenea
P: Platyhelminthes C: Monogenea -All parasites, usually on gills of fish. Few in turtles, frogs, and hippos eyes. -Usually not terrible for host -Direct life cycle egg makes ciliated larvae called oncomiracidium hooks to host on posterior end with an opisthaptor
opisthaptor
P: Platyhelminthes C: Monogenea -hooks to host on posterior end that is located on the oncomiracidium (ciliated larvae)
oncomiracidium
P: Platyhelminthes C: Monogenea -the ciliated larva the egg hatches into. -it attaches to a host sometimes following a free swimming stage (flatworm- monogenea)
Class Cestoda
P: Platyhelminthes C: Cestoda -tapeworms 1. front end is a scolex with hooks for attatchment 2. repeating reproductive segments called proglottids, chain of these is the strobila -no digestive system -entire body covered in microtriches -self fertilize, but prefer cross fertiliza…
Scolex
P: Platyhelminthes C: Cestoda -hooks for attachedment
proglottids
P: Platyhelminthes C: Cestoda -repeating reproductive segments chains of this is strobilia
Phylogeny of Playhelminthes
Turbellaria is paraphyletic
Planuoid ancestor hypothesis
–One branch becomes radially/biradially symmetrical and becomes Cnidaria, other branch becomes bilaterally symmetrical and becomesPlatyhelmonthes.
Platyhelminthes
-Platyhelminthes may not be monophyletic Parasitic 1. trematoda 2. monogenea 3. cestoda
Phylum mesozoa
fr mesos=middle & zoon=animal -missing link between protozoa and metazoa -all parasites or symbionts 20-30 cells in two pairs -two groups 1. rhombozoans 2. orthonectids
rhombozoans
Cephalopod mollusc kidney parasites, life cycle: vermiform adults asexually make larvae that grow and sexually reproduce under crowded conditions.  Larvae shed in host urine into water.
Orthonectids
Invertebrate parasites, life cycle: sexual and asexual phases, asexual phase known as a plasmodium, divides to form distinct males and females
Phylum Nemertea
P: Nemertea -ribbon worms -fr greek nemertes = one of the nereids, unerring one -refers to sharp aim of proboscis -thread or ribbon shaped -bilaterally symmetrical worms -several meters in length -live in gelatinous tubes made of self secreted material
Nemertean Characteristics pt 1
•Eversible proboscis, unique to Nemerteans •Mostly free living, a few parasitic •Bilateral symmetry, cylindrical anteriorly and flattened posteriorly •True coelomic cavity called a rhyncocoel •Complete digestive system •Four lobed brain
Nemertean Characteristics pt 2
•Sensory ciliated head slits •Asexual reproduction by fragmentation •Sexes separate, pilidium larvae •Flame cells •Blood vascular system •No respiratory system
Nemertean basics
-glide over slime trails -mouth anterior and ventral; digestive tract complete -cilia move food through intestine. digestion mostly extracellular in gut lumen -seize prey with a proboscis, and pulled into rhynchocoel -True circulatory system; blood flow maintained by body movements an…

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