BIOL 3454:Study Guide
132 Cards in this Set
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Phylum Gnathostomulida
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Jaws worms; lead to simple, blind gut small
Fr gnathos = mouth & stoma = opening.
live near coastlines can tolerate deep water,
Glide and swim
monociliated epidermal cells
accoelmate, no circulatory system
internal cross fertilization
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Phylum Micrognathozoa
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-small size and cell consistency
-Pseudocoelomate
-Reproduction: females only.
3 pairs of jaws
-locomotion: cilia, adhesive pads
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Phylum Rotifera
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fr rota = wheel & fera = bearing
-foot; pedal glands that secrete adhesive
locomotion; swimming with cornal, cilia, or both
-mastax
-syncytial body (cell membranes dissappear)
-small size and cell consistency
-simple execretory system
-no circulatory system
-may reproduce by parth…
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Class Seisonidea
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P: Roteria
C: Seisonidea
-marine, elongate, corona vestigial, sexes similar
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Class bdelloidea
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P: Roteria
C: bdelloidea
swimming or creeping, anterior end retractile, corona with two trochal disks,males unknown, parthenogentic
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Class Monogononta
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P: Rotifera
C: Monogononta
swimming or sessile
single gemovitellarium
males reduced in size
three types of eggs; amictic, mictic, dormant
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Phylum Acanthocephala
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fr akantha = spine & kephale = head; synctial body wall w/ many little wrinkles to ↑ SA; has retractable proboscis w/ rows of spines for attachment in host intestines
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Phylum Cycliophora
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lives only in decapod mouthparts;
acoelomate w/ a u-shaped, complete gut;
sexual & asexual phases
chordoid larvae can swim to new host
eats bacteria or dropped food
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Phylum Gastrotricha
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fr gaster = stomach & thrix = hair;
elongated w/ spines,
partially synctial epidermis, & longitudinal muscles;
gas exchange via diffusion; solenocytes instead of flame cells
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Phylum Entoprocta
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fr entos = w/n & proktos = anus;
resemble cnidarians but w/ ciliated tentacles; sessile
microscopic
ciliary feeders cup-shaped calyx w. longitudinal muscles only
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Phylum Ectoprocta
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fr ektos = outside & proktos = anus; sessile colonies w/ individual zooids
filter feed w/ extended
lopophores called polypide
zoecium = exoskeleton
cystid = body wall
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Phylum brachiopoda
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fr brachion = arm pous/podos = foot
lamp shells
sessile
filter feeders
open circulatory system
external fertilization
attached substrate with pedicel
juveniles resembles adult, pedicel attaches, adult existance begins
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Phylum Phoronida
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FAN WORMS
named from latin Phoronis; white heifer
small wormlike, shallow coaster water
secretes a tube, lives there entire life; becomes sessile
u shaped gut
contracile blood; not a closed circulatory system; no heart
mostly monoecious, free swiming
ciliated larve called actinotor…
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nematocyts
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P: Cnidaria
found in cnidarians
specialized organelles that require slight stimulation to fire a chemical projectile containing toxin
type of cnidocyte
fastest animal motion recorded
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Phylum Cndaria
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-fr knide=nettle & aria=plural(latin for colonial)
-All posesss cnidocytes (resp for stinging)
-Longest fossil history; 700 my
-aquatic; mostly marine
-sessile
-shallow; warm water
-mutalistic/commensalistic/parsistic
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mutalism
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-both individuals benefit
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commensalism
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-one individual benefits, on has no efffect
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parasitism
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-one individual benefits, the other experiences a loss
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Economic importance
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-most cnidarians of minimal economic consequence
-except for corals
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Coral reefs
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provide food and tourism
most diverse aquatic ecosystem
>50% of all marine species, <1% ocean area.
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Coral Reefs
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-structure made from hermatypic (reef building) corals and coralline algae.
usually scleractinian corals
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Cnidarian Characteristics
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•Cnidocytes present, usually nematocysts
•Aquatic
•Radially or biradially symmetrical
•Have polyps and medusae
•Diploblastic with mesoglea (2 germ layers)
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Cnidarian Characteristics
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•Extracellular digestion
•Simple nerve net
•No excretory or respiratory system
•No coelomic cavity•
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Polyp
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Sessile, hydroid
repoduce asexually
budding, fission, and pedal laceration
phenotypic plasticity or polymorphism(single genotype can have multiple phenotypes)
eg Hydrozoa Hydranths vs Gonagia.
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Medusa
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jellyfish, mobile
sexual reproduction
unattached polyp
free swimming with bell or umbrella shaped bodies
tetramerous symmetry; body parts in fours
statocytes - orientation
ocelli - light perception
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Body walls
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Three layers
1. outer endoermis
2. inner gastrodermis
3. mesoglea
no true muscle cells
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mesoglea
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covers body, thickest in stalk, thinnest in tentacles
support via hydrostatic pressure
elastic skeleton
jelly in jelly fish
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mesoglea
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P: Cnidaria
C: Anthozoa
-a mesenchyme containg ameboid cells
-blue area
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Cindocyte
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•Unique cell type to Cnidarians
–Several types: adhesive, recoiling, nematocysts.
•Called a cnidoblast during development.
•Cnidae (organelle) are discharged, cell is resorbed.
Nematocyst – specialized type of cnidae. Contains a chitin like material. Covered by a lid called an ope…
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Nematocyst
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Nematocyst – specialized type of cnidae.
Contains a chitin like material.
Covered by a lid called an operculum.
Operates using hydrostatic pressure differences.
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Polyp Feeding
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Carnivorous
Catch with tentacles and pass to cavity
digestion is internal, but extracellular
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Medusa (feeding/digestion)
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mouth on bottom(manubrium)
usualy filter feeder but not always
symbiotic algae diet
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Polyp (feeding/digestion)
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- tentacles
- extracellular
- intracellular (lines gastrovascular cavity)
- mouth on top
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Coral Bleaching
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Zooxanthellae die or leave corals, depriving the coral of nutrition
–Results from warmer water from climate change, pollution, eutrophication
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nerve net
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diverse simple nervous system
two way transmission
animals - synapse on one side
cnidarians - synapse on both sides
no myelin
No centralization; some have rhopalia (eyes)
sensory cells
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Neuromusular system
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combination of sensory and nerve cells
digestive in annelids
nerve plexuses in mammals
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Rhopalia
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1. Light sensing organ
2. Basically eyes – fairly complex
3. cluster of sensory cells, precurser to centralization
4. includes ocelli
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Hydrorhiza (polyp)
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P: Cnidaria
C: Hydrozoa
-base like a rootlike stolon
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Hyocauli (polyp)
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P: Cnidaria
C: Hydrozoa
-stalks, cellular part called coenosarc, covering called the perisac.
attached to hydrocaulus, hydranths or gastrozooids for feeding.
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Class hydrozoa (medusa)
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p- Cnidaria
c- Hydrozoa
velum - margin of bell that projects inward
entocodon - a developmental layer
from ectoderm
unique to Hydrozoa
differentiates into mucles
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Velum (medusa)
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p- Cnidaria
c- Hydrozoa
-margin of the bell that projects inward
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entocodon (medusa)
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p- Cnidaria
c- Hydrozoa
-developmental layer from ectoderm
unique to hydrozoa
differenciates into musclesrozoa
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Hydra Sp.
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live on aquatic leaves
>3cm
body is slender with tentatcles at one end & basal disc for attatchment
catches prey with nematocytes on tentacles
Sexual/Asexual reproduction
mouth located on top of a conelike called hypostome
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Hypostome
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mouth located on top of a conelike structure
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Epitheliomuscular cells (EM)
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p- Cnidaria
c- Hydrozoa
g- Hydra
-for covering and contraction
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interstitial cells
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p- Cnidaria
c- Hydrozoa
g- Hydra
-undifferentiated stem cells, make everything but EM cells
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Gland cells
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p- Cnidaria
c- Hydrozoa
g- Hydra
-secrete adhesive that allows the hydra to attach, found around foot
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cnidocytes
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p- Cnidaria
c- Hydrozoa
g- Hydra
-through the whole epidermis
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sensory cells
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p- Cnidaria
c- Hydrozoa
g- Hydra
-in the epidermis; have synapse on one end and a flagellum on the other
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nerve cells
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p- Cnidaria
c- Hydrozoa
g- Hydra
-both one way and two way
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genus physalia
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p-Cnidaria
c-Hydrozoa
g-physalia
portuguese man of war
-pneumatophore (sail) - for floation
drift with the currents
-dactylozooids - fishing tentacles
-gonozooids or gonophores - sacs containing empty space and ovaries or testes
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dactylozooids
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p-Cnidaria
c-Hydrozoa
g-physalia
polyp for defense in hydroids
fishing tentacles
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gonozooids
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p-Cnidaria
c-Hydrozoa
g-physalia
-polyp for reproduction in hydroids
ovaries and testes
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genus Obelia
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p- Cnidaria
c- Hydrozoa
g- Obelia
-colonial hydrozoan
-Sessile (permanently attached to one object)
-Can exhibit polyp (asexual stage) or medusa (sexual stage)
-Polyps produce medusae asexually and medusa produce gametes for sexual reproduction
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Four important areas of Tubularia:
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-Hydranth
-Hypostome
-Gonophore
-Capitate tentacles.
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Class scyphozoa
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p-Cnidaria
c-Scyphozoa
Most jelly fish
No velum
Medusa
Possess nerve net
Mouth on sumbrellar side
Mandubrium with 4 frilly oral arms
4 gastric pouches
radial canals from each pouch lead to ring canal
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genus Aurelia
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P: Cnidaria
C: Scyphozoa
g: Aurelia
sexes seperate; fertilization internal ingastric pouch of female
zygote develop in seawater
larvae - becomes scyhistoma
Strobiliation - Aurelia makes saucer buds called ephraye and becomes strobila.
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Strobilation
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P: Cnidaria
C: Scyphozoa
g: Aurelia
- process by which aurelia makes saucer like buds called ephyrae and becomes a strobila
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genus cassiopeia
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P: Cnidaria
C: Scyphozoa
g: cassiopeia
-upside down jellyfish
-no tentacles on umbrella margin
-highly branched mouth
-characteristic oral arm structure
frilly oral arm filter feed
-contains energy producing symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae)
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Zooxanthellae
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P: Cnidaria
C: Scyphozoa
g: Aurelia
-symbiotic algae that live within coral polyps
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class Staurozoa
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P: Cnidaria
C: Stauroza
no medusa phase
polyp body is stalked
eight arms
nonswimming planula devlops into a polyp
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class Cubozoa
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P: Cnidaria
C: Cubozoa
consists of the box jellyfish and sea wasps
medusa predominate
polyp inconspicuous or unknown
strong swimmers & voracious predators
dangerous to humans (sea wasp)
rhopalia present - 6 eyes
Sunbrella edge turns inward to form velarium
allows it to swim
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genus Chironex
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P: Cnidaria
C: Cubozoa
G: Chironex
-Box jellyfish
-sea wasp
-deadly
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Class Anthozoa
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P: Cnidaria
C: Anthozoa
"Flower animals" - polyp with flower like appearance
-Three classes (orders)
hexacorallia/zoantharia - anemones; hard corals
Ceriantipatharia - tube anemones and thorny corals
Octocorallia - soft and horny coral
-Gastrovascular cavity larg and partitione…
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Subclass Hexacorallia or Zoantharia
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P: Cnidaria
C: Anthozoa
SC: Hexacorallia/Zoantharia
-anemones, hard corals
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Subclass Ceriantipatharia
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P: Cnidaria
C: Anthozoa
SC: Ceriantipatharia
-tube anemones and thorny corals
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Subclass Octcocorallia
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P: Cnidaria
C: Anthozoa
SC: Octcocorallia
-soft and horny corals, sea fans
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Order Actinaria
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P: Cnidaria
C: Anthozoa
SC: Hexacorallia
O: Actinaria
-sea anemones
-large poylps; cylindrical form
-crown of tentacles around oral disk
-mouth is slit shaped; leads to pharynx
-Siphonoglyphs - slits leading into pharynx to create water flow
-Pharynx leads to gastrovasular cavi…
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siphonoglpyhs
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P: Cnidaria
C: Anthozoa
SC: Hexacorallia
O: Actinaria
-slits leading into pharynx to create water flows
-pharynx leads to gastrovascular cavity with six chambers (mensenteries)
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genus Anemone
Order Actinaria
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P: Cnidaria
C: Anthozoa
SC: Hexacorallia
O: Actinaria
-slowly glide, looking for prey
-overwhelm prey with nematocysts, and pull into mouth
mutualistic relationships
zooxanthellae
hermitcrabs
fish
-Sexes separate
monoecious species (sperm first, then eggs)
Asexual reproducti…
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genus Hexacorallian corals (hard corals)
Order Scleractinia
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P: Cnidaria
C: Anthozoa
SC: Hexacorallia
O: Scleractinia
-true/stony corals;
-tiny anemones living in self made cups
-gastrovascular cavity hexmerous
-no siphonoglyph (no flaps)
-exoskeleton - calcareous skeleton secreted below living tissue
-living tissue covering hard skele…
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Subclass Octocorallian corals
Order Alyconaria
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P: Cnidaria
C: Anthozoa
SC: Octocorallia
O: Alyconaria
Stricy octomerous symmetry
8 pinnate tentacles
8 unpaired, continuous septa
All colonial
comunicate via gastrodermal tubes called solenia that run through mesoglea called coenchyme
Most beautiful corals
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fringing reefs
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-close to a landmass with either no lagoon or a narrow lagoon between reef and shore
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barrier reef
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-parrallel to shore and has a wider and deeper lagoon that fringing reef
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atolls
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-reefs that circle lagoons but not islands
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patch reefs
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-patches of reef away from main reef usual off the initial slop
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Reef front
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-the side facing the slope
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reef crest
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-the highest point of the reef, where it may touch the surface, OR where the reef begins to descend down the slope
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reef flat
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-where the slop flattens out
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Where do sand come from?
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-parrot fish poop sand
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Phylum Cetenophora
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P: Cetenophora
-fr kteis/ktenos= comb & phora=plural for bearing
-sea walnuts/comb jellies
-all marine, all seas, perfer warm water
-free swimming, few creep, few sessile
-surface,a few go deep
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genus Pleurobranchia
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P: Cetenophora
G: Pleurobranchia
-no head; oral/aboral axis
-transperent with gelatinous layer
-tentacles that capture plankton
colloblast - epidermal glue cells
food laden tentacles wiped across mouth
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genus Pleurobranchia
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P: Cetenophora
G: Pleurobranchia
-gelatonous layer called collenchyme
-digestion both extracellular & intracellular
-two anal cavities
-simple nervous system; no central control
-sensory organ called statocyst
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collenchym
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P: Cetenophora
G: Pleurobranchia
-gelationous layer
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colloblasts
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P: Cetenophora
G: Pleurobranchia
-epidermal glue cells
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statcyst
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P: Cetenophora
G: Pleurobranchia
-sensory organ
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Ctenophore
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•Most monoecious
•Gonads line gastrovascular canals under comb plates
•Fertilized eggs discharged into water
•One recognized order (Cydippida) that is paraphyletic
–Unresolved phylogenetic relationships
•Ctenophores often bioluminescent
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pneumatophore
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p-Cnidaria
c-Hydrozoa
g-physalia
pneumatophore (sail) - for floation
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velarium
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P: Cnidaria
C: Cubozoa
-allows class Cubozoa to swim
-a flap under the umbrella which concentrates and increases the flow of water pushed out from the umbrella.
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Cnidara and Ctenophora phylogeny
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-radially symmetrical; planula like ancestor
-diploblastic
-radiata; coelenterata
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diploblastic
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two tissue layer
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triploblastic
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three tissue layer
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protostomia
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blastopore forms mouth
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deuterstomia
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blastospore forms anus
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Phylum Acoelomorpha
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P: Acoelomorpha
-small flat worms (not flatworms)
-live in marine sediments; few pelagic
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Acoelomorpha Characteristics part 1
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•Rootlets of epidermal cilia form interconnecting network
•Most free living, some commensal, some parasitic
•Bilateral symmetry, body flattened dorsoventrally, anterior concentration of nerve cells
•Epidermis cellular
•Gut absent or incomplete and saclike
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Acoelomorpha Characteristics part 2
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•Mesdermal muscle cells: longitudinal, circular, diagonal
•Radially arranged nerve cords
•Asexual reproduction by fragmentation
•Monoecious sexual reproduction via internal fertilization
•No excretory or respiratory system
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Phylum Playhelminthes
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P: Playhelminthes
from platys=flat & helmins=worms
-real flat worms
-free living or parasitic
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Turbellaria
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-cellular, cilliated epidermis
-rhadbites - rod shaped, fill with water for protection
-dual gland adhesive organs
glands for adhesion
glands for unsticking
-have multiple types of muscle fibers under epidermis
-digestion is extracellular and intracellular
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Parasitic flatworms
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-syncytial teguments as a covering
many nuclei in a single cell membrane
resistant to the immune system of the host
-have multiple types of muscle fibers under epidermis
-no digestive system
rely on host to break down food
many have blind ended intestine
-digestion is extracellular…
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protonephridia
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flatworms use ... for simple waste excretion and osmoregulation
-most waste excreted across body wall
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flame ell
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Protonephridia has a unique flame cell that is shaped like a cup with a tuft of flagella
-Flagella draws fluid through the weir, which acts as a collecting net for particles
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Nervous and sensory systems
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some have longitudinal nerve cords
-nerves organized into distinct types
sensory
motor
association
well developed tactile and chemo reception
more developed senses than cnidarians
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Ocelli
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photosensitive eyespots
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statocyts
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equilibrium
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rheoreceptors
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sensing water currents
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Phylum Platyhelminthes
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-flatworms, free-living turbellarians, parasitic flukes, tapeworms
-most marine but some freshwater
-acolemates
-digestive gut to present with no anus
-bilateral symmetry
-first to have cephaliztion (sensory/nervous tissue into head end of body)
-three tissue layers: endoderm, mesod…
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Phylum Platyhelminthes Reproduction
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Reproduce Sexually & Asexually
-asexual (great regenerators)
fission
fragmentation
-sexual
most monecious but cross fertilize
most have free swiming larve
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Class Turbellaria
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P: Platyhelminthes
C: Turbellaria
-mostly free living worms
-creep along that use muscles and cillia to move
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Class Trematoda (Subclass Digenea)
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P: Platyhelminthes
C: Trematoda
SC: Digenea
-All parasitic flukes; almost all are adult vertebrate parasites.
-Many species of medical and economic importance
-complex life cycle
-intermediate and definitive hosts
Adults inhabitat lots of organ systems
digestive,respiratory, c…
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Genus clonorchis
Subclass digenea
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P: Platyhelminthes
C: Trematoda
SC: Digenea
genus clonochis
-human liver fluke
-ingested via undercooked fish
-Intermediate host: snail
-final host: vertebrate
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Clonochis -human liver fluke
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1. Shelled embryo or larvae excreted to water
2. Miracidium (free swimming larvae) turn into sporocyst.
3. Sporocyst penetrates snails (mollusks) and reproduce asexually creating more sporocyst or rediae.
4. Rediae reproduce asexually making cercariae
1. develop into metacercariae (ju…
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genus Schistoma Subclass Digenea
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P: Platyhelminthes
C: Trematoda
SC: Digenea
genus schistoma
human blood fluke
-dioecious (seperate houses)
-intermediate host: snail
-definitive host: humans/vertebrates
-cercaira penetrates skin, infect the intestinal veins and cause enlargement of other organs-
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Schistoma - blood fluke
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1. Eggs discharged in human waste
1. if they make it into water, hatch as miracidia
2. Miracidia get into snail
1. creating sporocyst which makes more sporocyst
2. give rise to cercariae; NO REDIAE
3. cercariae swim until contact human skin
1. burrow in, find blood vessel, and burro…
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Swimmer's itch
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-North American natural lakes
-Normal hosts are birds
-bore into humans by mistake
die, releasing irritating chemicals
resembles mosquito bites
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Paragonimus - lung fluke
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1. Eggs coughed out of lungs, swallowed, eliminated through feces
2. Zygotes develop in water
3. Miracidium finds snail
1. Miracidium, then rediae, then cercariae
4. Cercariae shed into water or ingested by crabs eating snails
1. Metacercariae develop in crabs
5. You eat undercooked…
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Class Monogenea
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P: Platyhelminthes
C: Monogenea
-All parasites, usually on gills of fish. Few in turtles, frogs, and hippos eyes.
-Usually not terrible for host
-Direct life cycle
egg makes ciliated larvae called oncomiracidium
hooks to host on posterior end with an opisthaptor
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opisthaptor
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P: Platyhelminthes
C: Monogenea
-hooks to host on posterior end that is located on the oncomiracidium (ciliated larvae)
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oncomiracidium
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P: Platyhelminthes
C: Monogenea
-the ciliated larva the egg hatches into.
-it attaches to a host sometimes following a free swimming stage (flatworm- monogenea)
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Class Cestoda
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P: Platyhelminthes
C: Cestoda
-tapeworms
1. front end is a scolex with hooks for attatchment
2. repeating reproductive segments called proglottids, chain of these is the strobila
-no digestive system
-entire body covered in microtriches
-self fertilize, but prefer cross fertiliza…
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Scolex
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P: Platyhelminthes
C: Cestoda
-hooks for attachedment
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proglottids
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P: Platyhelminthes
C: Cestoda
-repeating reproductive segments
chains of this is strobilia
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Phylogeny of Playhelminthes
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Turbellaria is paraphyletic
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Planuoid ancestor hypothesis
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–One branch becomes radially/biradially symmetrical and becomes Cnidaria, other branch becomes bilaterally symmetrical and becomesPlatyhelmonthes.
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Platyhelminthes
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-Platyhelminthes may not be monophyletic
Parasitic
1. trematoda
2. monogenea
3. cestoda
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Phylum mesozoa
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fr mesos=middle & zoon=animal
-missing link between protozoa and metazoa
-all parasites or symbionts
20-30 cells in two pairs
-two groups
1. rhombozoans
2. orthonectids
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rhombozoans
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Cephalopod mollusc kidney parasites, life cycle:
vermiform adults asexually make larvae that grow and sexually reproduce under crowded conditions. Larvae shed in host urine into water.
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Orthonectids
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Invertebrate parasites, life cycle:
sexual and asexual phases, asexual phase known as a plasmodium, divides to form distinct males and females
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Phylum Nemertea
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P: Nemertea
-ribbon worms
-fr greek nemertes = one of the nereids, unerring one
-refers to sharp aim of proboscis
-thread or ribbon shaped
-bilaterally symmetrical worms
-several meters in length
-live in gelatinous tubes made of self secreted material
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Nemertean Characteristics pt 1
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•Eversible proboscis, unique to Nemerteans
•Mostly free living, a few parasitic
•Bilateral symmetry, cylindrical anteriorly and flattened posteriorly
•True coelomic cavity called a rhyncocoel
•Complete digestive system
•Four lobed brain
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Nemertean Characteristics pt 2
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•Sensory ciliated head slits
•Asexual reproduction by fragmentation
•Sexes separate, pilidium larvae
•Flame cells
•Blood vascular system
•No respiratory system
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Nemertean basics
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-glide over slime trails
-mouth anterior and ventral; digestive tract complete
-cilia move food through intestine. digestion mostly extracellular in gut lumen
-seize prey with a proboscis, and pulled into rhynchocoel
-True circulatory system; blood flow maintained by body movements an…
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