45 Cards in this Set
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anthron
pous/podos
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joint
foot
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most diverse phlyum, 3/4 of all known species of animals, occur in all habitats
chitinous, segmented exoskeleton (protective while flexible)
segmentation - efficient
air piped directly to cells- high metabolic rate
highly developed sensory
complex behavior patterns
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Phylum Anthropoda
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evolved before Cambrian, extinct for 200 million years; abundant during Cambrian and Ordovician
dorsally flattened bottom dwellers; scavengers
chitinous exoskeleton (calcium carbonate)
tagmata: head, trunk, pygidium
cephalon with antennae, compound eyes, mouth, four pairs of legs
no …
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Subphylum Trilobita
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giant water scorpions (extinct)
head with six fused segments, simple eyes, chelicerae and pedipalps
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Class Merostomata, Subclass Eurypterida
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horseshoe crabs, ancient, Cambrian
four species in three genera extant
unsegmented, carapace, broad abdomen, long tail spike (telson)
chelicerae, one pair of pedipalms, four pairs of legs
book gills - tracheal system that goes to book gills
two lateral eyes and two simple eyes
feed …
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Subclass Xiphosurida
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sea spiders; 100 species
four pairs of legs
some duplicated segments
male extra legs called ovigers
circulatory system simple; excretory and resp system - absent
digestive system and gonads branch into legs
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Class Pycnogonida
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spiders, scorpions, pseudoscorpions, whip scorpions, ticks, mites, daddy longlegs
80,000 species - first terrestrial
two tagmata: cephalothorax and abdomen
chelicerae modified into fangs, claws into pedipalps
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Class Arachnida
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40,000 species
cephalothorax called prosoma, abdomen- opisthosoma - unsegmented
chelicerae, terminal fangs
leglike pedipalps- transfer sperm
four pairs of legs
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Order Araneae
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breathe through book lungs, trachea
evolved indpendently of insects
malpighian tubules
eight simple eyes - vision usually poor
mechanoreceptors on body, sensory setae
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Spider organs and senses
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courtship ritual precedes mating
use pedipals for depositing sperm and into genital opening
lay egg in silken net
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Spider reproduction
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scorpions; 1400 species; ancient of arachnids
predatory mostly on insects and spiders
sieze with pedipalps and shred with chelicerae
short cephathor, pedipalps, walking legs, one pair of median eyes, up to 5 pairs of lateral eyes
metasoma of five segments with stinger
comblike pectin…
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Order Scorpiones
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complex mating dance, hold female chelae as steps back and forth
sometimes stings her
deposits on substrate
brood and nourish young in female's reproductive tract
babies crawl onto mom's back until first molt
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Scorpion reproduction
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sun/camel spiders
nonvenomous, shred prey with chelicerae, up to 15 cm across; desert habitats; high metabolism
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Order Solpugida
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daddy longless, 5000 species, harvestment
abdomen and cephthor round and broad
no pedicel
external segmentation
four pairs of legs
carnivorous and scavengers
nonvenomous
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Order Opiliones
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ticks and mites
40,000 species
most habitats; eyelashes/dust mites
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Order Acari
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complete fusion of cephalothorax and abdomen, no division
mouth parts called capitulum
chelicera
pedipalps form hypostome; rostrum/tectum extends dorsally
four pairs of legs
spermatophores
larvae with six legs; some eight legged
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Acarian anatomy
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'many footed'; two tagmata: head and trunk
paired appendages
trachea carry respiratory gasses to and from all body cells
independent from arachnids and insects; third evolution
escretion through Malpighian tubules
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Subphylum Myriapoda
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centipeds (cheilos- margin)
carnivorous; some dangerously venomous
177 segments; one pair of jointed legs
first segments make venomous claws
one pair of antennae, mandibles, one/two maxillae
pair of eyes on top- ocelli
digestive straight tube
respiration through spiracles
sexes se…
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Class Chilopoda
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millipedes
slow, graceful
some secrete toxic or repellant fluids from repugnatorial glands
more than 10,000 species
25-100 segments; two pairs of legs
two pairs of spiracles, two genital apertures
females lay eggs in nest and guard them
larval only have one pair of legs
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Class Diplopoda
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pauros (small)
soft bodied- 500 species
small head with branched antennae
no true eyes; 12 segments
no tracheae, spiracles or circulatory system
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Class Pauropoda
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small, centipede like bodies
pests on crops
14 segments, 12 have legs, antennae long and unbranched
eyeless; spiracles on head and tracheal tubes to anterior segments
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Class Symphyla
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67,000 species
two pairs of antennae, one pair of mandible, two pairs of maxillae, pairs of appendages on each segment
biramous
respiratory organs are gills
segments are fused- carapace
bodies covered with secreted cuticle (chitin proten, calcium carbonate) soft and thin at joints
e…
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Phylum Arhtropoda; Subphlyum Crastacea
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Serial homology
-Protopod: basal portion, two parts
- Exopod: laterally borne by protopod, one to several parts
- Endopod: medially borne by the protopod, one to several
- Exites and endites: respectively lateral and medial
- Uropod: tail fin
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Appendages of crustaceans
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hemocoel; persistent with blastocoel with hemolymph
striated muscles in antagonistic groups
flexors: draw a part towards the body
extensors: extend part outward
gas exchange in small crustaceans occur across thin areas of cuticle; larger have internal gills
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Crustacean internal features
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open system; hemolymp returns to sinuses; valves prevent backflow
pigment can be colorless, red or blue
dorsal heart the chief organ
excretory system is a pair of tubular antennal or maxillary glands- each gland has a vesicle; spongy mass called labyrinth
excretion of nitrogenous wast…
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Circulatory and excretory system of crustaceans
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similar to annelids
brain is pair of supraesophageal ganglia
eyes have units called ommatidia, covered by cornea, makes a mosaic
statocysts contain statoliths; tactile hairs
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Nervous and sensory system of crustaceans
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separate sexes, lots of specialization for copulation
parthenogenetic
brood their eggs
direct devleopment; some have multiphasic life cycles
ancestral
nauplius- widely occurring larvae
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Reproduction in crustaceans
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1)outermost, lipid impregnated protein
2)bulk of cuticle, several layers
3)innermost
-intermolt phases are called instars; shedding the cuticle for growth
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1)epicuticle
2)procuticle
3)endocuticle: chitinous, uncalcified
Molting and ecdysis
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-initiated by environmental stimuli
- stops production of molt inhibiting hormone from the x-hormone
-promotes release of molting hormone from the Y-organs, initiate molting
-androgenic glands occur in some males
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Hormonal control in crustaceans
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- vary greatly, much specialization
- predators eat mostly larvae
- scavengers eat dead
- suspension feeders
- crayfish have two part stomach with gastric mill
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Crustacean feeding
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ten species; all from caves into ocean
trunk segments, identical, paired, biramous, swmming appendages
angennules biramous, maxillae and maxillipeds prehensile
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Class Remipedia
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only nine species, live in sediment
thoracic limbs all similar
no eyes, carapace, or abdominal appendages
true hermaphrodites, eggs and sperm through common duct
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Class Cephalocarida
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10,000 species
Three orders: Anostraca (fairy shrimp), Notostraca (tadpole), Diplostraca (water fleas)
flattened, leaflike phyllopodia or legs as resp. organs
mostly freshwater
complex life cycles
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Class Branchiopoda
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10,000 species
five cephalic, six thoracic, four abdominal segments
nauplii have maxillopodon eye
(many subclasses)
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Class Maxillopoda
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only ten species; live in interstitial spaces in sand
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Subclass Mystacocarida
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abundant
lack carapace, retain nauplius eye into adulthood, single uniramous maxillipeds, four pairs of swimming appendages, fifth pair of legs reduced
most free living but many parasitic
direct development; parasitic- multiphasic
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Subclass Copepoda
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only described in 1983, 12 species
tiny
one pair of antennae on sexual females
parthogenetic and sexual life cycle
parasitic- penetrate cuticle of hosts by mouth tube
abdomen and thoracic limbs lost during metamorphosis
juveniles have six or seven abdominal segments
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Subclass Tantulocarida
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small group of fish ectoparasites with sucking mouth
shieldlike carapace; compound eyes; four biramous throacic appendages
second maxillae modified as suction cups
no nauplius, resemble adults
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Subclass Branchiura
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130 species of wormlike parasites- tongueworms
lung parasites of vertebrates
transverse rings make look segmented
nonchitinous, molted during larval stages
five protuberances on anterior end
simple, digestive system
no circulatory, excretory or respiratory
sexes separate, females l…
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Subclass Pentastomida
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barnacles; three smaller orders of burrowing or parasitic forms
sessile
head reduced, no abdomen, thoracic legs, many cirri with hairlike setae
hermaphroditic, internal fertilization, free living cyprid larvae
metamorphose into adult
longest penis
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Subclass Cirripedia
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20,000 species; largest class, great diversity
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Class Malacostraca
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roly polys and friends
no carapace, sessile compound eyes
maxillipeds are first pair of thoracic limbs, lack exopods
direct development; few parasitic forms with complex life cycle
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Order Isopoda
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like isopods but compressed laterally
gills in thoracic position
one pair of limbs for swimming and one pair for jumping
direct development, no metamorphosis
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Order Amphipoda
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90 species, krill
carapace fused
not entirely enclose the gills
no maxillipeds, with exopods
bioluminescent because of photophore
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Order Euphausiacea
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18,000 species
three pairs of maxillipeds and five pairs of walking legs
some legs modify to form chelae (claws)
largest arhtropod is Japanese spider crab
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Order Decapoda
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Exam 5