62 Cards in this Set
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What are the three functions of respiration?
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Ventilation, gas exchange, and oxygen utilization.
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What is ventilation?
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The external mechanism of breathing. Drawing air in and out of lungs for gas exchange. BREATHING.
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What is gas exchange?
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Takes place between the air and blood in the lungs between body tissues and blood.
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Takes place between the air and blood in the lungs between body tissues and blood.
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Diffusion. Oxygen moves from higher concentrations to lower concentrations.
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What is the diaphragm?
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The most important muscle for breathing.
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Is breathing voluntary or involuntary?
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Both
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What is the conducting zone?
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Conducts air into the respiratory zone. Consists of nose, pharynx, lugs, trachea, bronchi.
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What is the respiratory zone?
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The site of gas exchange. Consists of terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles and ALVEOLI.
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Where does gas exchange take place?
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Alveoli (in the respiratory zone)
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What are alveoli sacs made of?
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Alveoles. 300 million total.
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What makes alveoli idea for gas exchange?
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Large surface area, short diffusion distance, density of capillaries.
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How many cell layers are alveoli made of?
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1- simple squamous.
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How many layers are in between alveoli and gas?
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2. The alveoli epithelial layer and the endothelial layer of the capillary.
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What are the physical aspects of ventilation?
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What are the physical aspects of ventilation?
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When the pressure in the lungs is ____ than the pressure in the air, inhalation occurs.
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higher
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When the pressure in the lungs is _____ than the pressure in the air, expiration occurs.
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lower
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What three things allow us to easily inhale and exhale?
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Compliance, elasticity, surface tension in the lungs.
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What is compliance?
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How easily lungs expand with pressure when we inhale.
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What affects compliance?
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Elasticity and surface tension
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What is elasticity?
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The presence of high amounts of elastin proteins causing the lungs to contract quickly. Tendency to return to initial size after distension.
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What is surface tension?
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H2O molecules attracting to one another via hydrogen bonds. Potentially making alveolar sacs collapse.
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What causes surface tension?
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The lungs secreting and absorbing fluid, leaving a thin film on the alveolar surface.
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Pressure of alveoli is equal to _____ ______.
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Surface tension.
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What does a surfactant do?
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Resist surface tension by getting in between water molecules and reducing their ability to contract.
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Who gets respiratory distress syndrome and why?
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Infants because the body hasn't made any sufactant.
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What are the two phases of pulmonary ventilation?
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Inspiration (inhaling) and expiration (exhaling).
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What is breathing based on?
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Pressure inside lungs and atmosphere.
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What controls quiet breathing?
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The contraction of the diaphragm and the relaxation of the diaphragm.
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What controls deep breathing?
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Mostly chest muscles.
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Pulmonary ventilation is a _____ process.
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Mechanical
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What is intrapulmonary pressure?
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Pressure inside the lungs/alveoli
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What is intrapleural pressure?
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Pressure inside the pleura around the lungs.
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What is transpulmonary pressure?
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The difference between intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures.
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What is atmospheric pressure?
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Pressure of the atmosphere.
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Intrapleural pressure is always ____ than intrapulmonary pressure.
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less
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What happens during inspiration?
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What happens during inspiration?
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Quiet breathing is a _____ process and deep breathing is a ______ process.
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passive, active
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What is deep breathing caused by?
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Contraction of abdominal muscles.
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What controls respiration?
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What controls respiration?
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What does the medulla control?
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What does the medulla control?
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What does the pons do?
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Influence the rhythmicity center in the medulla.
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What do inspiratory and expiratory neurons do?
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Drive inspiration and expiration.
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Where is the apneustic center and what does it do?
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In the pons. It stimulates inspiratory neurons.
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Where is the pneumotaxic center located and what does it do?
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The pons. It Antagonizes the apneustic center which inhibits inspiration.
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Where are the central chemoreceptors monitoring O2, CO2 and pH?
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In the medulla.
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Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?
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In the heart and carotids.
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What is a pulmonary function test?
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A test measuring the air inhaled and exhaled assessed by spirometry.
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What is tidal volume?
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Volume of air inhaled and exhaled during normal breathing.
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What is vital capacity?
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Total volume of air able to be forcefully inhaled and exhaled.
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What is residual volume?
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Volume left in the lungs after max exhalation.
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What is total lung capacity?
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Total amount of air you can hold.
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Total amount of air you can hold.
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Measure of a gas in a mixture by itself.
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What is total pressure of a gas mixture?
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partial pressure x all gasses present.
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What happens when blood and alveolar air are at equilibrium?
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Oxygen in blood reaches max volume.
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What does equilibrium of blood and alveolar air depend on?
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What does equilibrium of blood and alveolar air depend on?
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Arteries have more ___ than ___. Veins have more ____ than ____.
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02 than CO2.
CO2 than O2.
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What does hemoglobin do?
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Picks releases 02 and picks up CO2 in the tissues and picks up O2 and releases CO2 in the lungs.
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What changes hemoglobin affinity for O2 and CO2?
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Concentration of 02 and CO2.
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What is anemia?
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Hemoglobin levels are low in the blood.
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What is hemoglobin production controlled by?
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Erythropoietin
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What are characteristics of hemoglobin?
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It's a protein with 4 subunits each with a heme that binds to 1 O2.
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What is made when O2 binds to hemoglobin?
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Oxyhemoglobin.
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BIO 242: Exam 4