99 Cards in this Set
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What caste was Siddhartha?
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Kshatriya (warrior nobility)
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Under what material conditions did Siddhartha grow up?
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He was wealthy. Far was a king. Sheltered from bad things.
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What did Siddhartha's father want him to become?
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Universal king/great ruler
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What does "Buddha" mean?
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Enlightened One
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What name was Sid called before his enlightenment (Therevada Buddhism)
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Bodhisaltua (future Buddha)
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Sakyamuni ("Buddhism")
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Buddha from Sakya (where he was born)
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After encountering an old man, sick man, corpse, and monk, what does Sid decide?
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Follow the call of a truth-seeker.
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What does Sid conclude from his time with the ascetics?
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Futility of asceticism.
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What was the topic of Buddha's first sermon?
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four noble truths
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what makes Buddha different from the founders of other religions?
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He does not claim to be a god or a prophet, just a man who learned the way.
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In what century did Buddhism begin?
In what century did Buddhism begin?
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6th
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What were the principle emphasis of Buddha's discipline?
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Empiricism, science, pragmatism, therapeutic, psychological, egalitarian, and directed to individuals.
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What are the five skandas?
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What humans are made of:
body, feelings, sensations, emotions/volitions, and consciousness.
constant state of change
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what are the three refuges?
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Buddha (one can become fully enlightened), dhamma (4truths and 8path), and sangha (support, inspiration and guidance from those on path)
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What does nirvana mean?
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to extinguish
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In Therevada, what five precepts must lay people follow?
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don't destroy life, don't steal, don't lie, don't abuse sex, and avoid intoxication.
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In Therevada, what precepts are monks to follow?
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no eating afternoon, no singing/dancing/shows, no decorating oneself, no sleeping on soft beds, and no handling money.
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What is the name of Buddha's discourses that were formulated into writing after his death?
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Pali Canon?
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Why is Muhammedism an inaccurate name for Islam?
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God created Islam (not M) and it is offensive as it implies Islam focuses on M and not God.
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What does Islam literally mean?
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The peace that comes when one's life is surrendered to God.
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What does the word Muslim literally mean?
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One who submits to god.
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What does the word Allah literally mean?
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The God.
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Who, according to Muslim faith, was the first prophet?
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Adam.
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Where did Hagar and Ishmael go when banished from Abraham's house (Islam)?
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Arabia, where Mecca was to rise.
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What is the significance of Abraham (Islam)?
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Where the split from Judaism/Chrisitanity takes place. When A couldn't have son with first wife, he married a second wife and she had a son. But then so did his first wife so she banished the second wife and son, the son's line leading to Muhammad.
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What is the view of Islam concerning the prophets who came before Muhammad?
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They were all prophets of God, but all leading up to M.
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What are the Sufis (Islam)?
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Mystics of islam.
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What is the view of Islam concerning the revelation of God found in J/C scriptures?
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True but not as whole and intact as the Qur'an because they are written as stories and not directly from the mouth of God.
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What is the significance of Muhammad?
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he is the seal of the prophets.
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What year was Muhammad born?
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570
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What was the significance of Mecca to the tribe Muhammad was born into?
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They were the leading tribe of Mecca.
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Who was Ali?
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Muhammad's son-in-law.
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What was Ali's significance to the Shi'ites?
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They believe he should have been Ali's direct successor.
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What year did Muhammad die?
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632
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What does the word Qur'an literally mean?
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A recitation.
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What is the most important part of a mosque?
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the Mihrab (alclove that points to Mecca).
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What percentage of Muslims are Shiites?
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13%
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What distinguishes Sunnis from Shiites?
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Shiites believe Ali should have been Muhammad's successor.
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What two periods did Islam expand rapidly?
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The century following Muhammad's death and the European Dark Ages.
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Where is Islam expanding most rapidly today?
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North Africa and the Indian subcontinent.
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What are the five pillars of Islam?
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1. Shahadah "There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet."
2. Prayer.
3. Charity.
4. Observance of Ramadan.
5. Pilgrimage.
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Why is the month of Ramadan important to Muslims?
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It's when Muhammad received his initial revelation and (10 yrs later) when he made his migration from Mecca to Medina.
Fasting.
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What is a Muezzin?
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A person appointed to a mosque to lead/recite/call to prayer.
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What is a Minaret?
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"Lighthouse," the distinctive architectural feature of mosques (big, tall pointy thing).
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What does the Shahadah state?
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There is not God but God and Muhammad is his prophet.
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What is the Muslim view on Jesus?
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He is a prophet but not the son of God. His and Adam's are the only two souls god created directly.
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What country is Mecca in?
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Saudi Arabia
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In what direction do Muslims face?
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Toward Mecca.
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When do Muslims pray?
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Pre-dawn, noon, afternoon, sunset, and before bed.
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What are the four castes and their traditional functions?
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Brahman-leaders/brain
Kshatriya- warriors/protection
Vaishya- businessmen/agriculturalists/traders
Shudra- cleaning/garbage collection
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Shakti (Hinduism)
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The great cosmic energy that represents the forces that move throughout the universe.
Great Divine Mother.
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Avatara (Hinduism)
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the incarnation of a Hindu deity in human or animal form.
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Shivites (Hinduism)
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Hindus (type of) that center worship around Shiva.
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Brahman
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all encompassing god (everyone/thing is made of Brahman)
not creator god.
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Atman
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the soul
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Samsara
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reincarnation process
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Moksha
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release from reincarnation
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Bhakti
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yoga of devotion
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Rig Veda
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Oldest scripture in the world, holy in Hinduism
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What are the four life stages in Hinduism?
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Brahmacharya: first stage, student
Grihastha: 2nd, building family and acquiring wealth
Vanaprstha: 3rd, passing on responsibilities (retiree/grandparent)
Sannyasa: last, focus on achieving Moksha.
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What are the four goals of life in Hinduism and what stages of life do they pertain to?
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Dharma means duty. All stages.
Kama means pleasure. household only.
Artha means wealth. Grihastha stage.
Moksha means release. Ultimate goal.
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What is the ultimate concern of a devout Hindu?
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Achieving moksha.
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What are the four yogas?
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Jnana: yoga of knowledge.
Karma: yoga of action.
Raja: yoga of meditation.
Bhakti: yoga of devotion.
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What does it mean to say that African religion is an ontological phenomenon?
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It pertains to the question of existence of being. EVERYTHING is seen through a religious scope.
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How does African understanding of time differ from the idea of time in the west?
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They look at time focusing primarily on the past, whereas the west focuses on the future.
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In African ontology: Is an event expected to occur in five years more or less real than an event that happened fives years ago?
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Less. Time is made up primarily of the present and past. The future is either no time or potential time (if very likely or inevitable to occur).
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According to African ontology, what is time?
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A summation of events (what has happened, what is happening). What will happen (potential time).
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T/F: In African ontology, time has a long past, a present, and virtually no future.
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True.
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What does the Swahili term Sasa refer to?
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The now. What is of concern to people in the present. What is happening or just happened.
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What determines the length of a person's Sasa?
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The older a person is, the longer there sasa is because they have lived more (have more past).
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Why is infertility considered a great misfortune in traditional African societies?
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If you don't have kids to remember you, you will slip out of Sasa and lose your chance at personal immortality.
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In traditional African societies, what is the most compelling objective of religious life?
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Procreation, so people will remember you and you can be living dead.
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Who are the living dead?
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People who have physically died but live on through the memory of loved ones.
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What is meant by a spirit (African)?
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Someone who has passed on from the living dead stage, who is no longer personally recognized by their human family.
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What is the meaning of painful initiations (African)?
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It prepares the child for sufferings of life.
Shedding blood on the earth binds them to the living dead.
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Why is it tradition to offer libations, offerings, and sacrifices to the living dead?
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It emphasized and renews the link between human beings and the departed, the visible and invisible worlds.
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In Things Fall Apart, who/what was Umuofia?
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The clan made up of nine villages where the story takes place.
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In Things Fall Apart, who was Nwoye?
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Okonkwo's sensitive and thoughtful son. Eventually becomes Christian.
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In Things Fall Apart, how did Nwoye respond when Ikemefuna was killed?
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He breaks.
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In Things Fall Apart, what is an Egwugwu?
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Leaders of the clan who wear masks, pretending to be/representing ancestral spirits and administer justice.
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What are the six characteristics of symbols?
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1. they point beyond themselves to something else.
2. participates in that to which it points
3. opens up levels of reality that are otherwise closed
4. unlocks elements of our soul which correspond to the dimensions of reality
5. cannot be produced intentionally
6. grow and die
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What doctrines did Buddhism share with Hinduism?
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Emphasis on kindness to all living things, the elimination of caste barriers in religious matters and reduction in social matters, and its strong ethical emphasis.
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How many Buddha's are there in the Mahayana tradition?
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Countless.
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Who is the Sangha composed of in the Mahayana tradition of Buddhism?
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Lay people (in T Buddhism, it refers strictly to the monk order).
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Who was Ashoka?
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He was a Buddhist emperor in India who is responsible for the dramatic spread of Buddhism throughout South and Central Asia.
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How many books did Buddha write?
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Zero.
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What is the message of the Heart Sutra?
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The emptiness of the five skandas.
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Who was Hui Neng and how did he become interested in Buddhism?
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He is considered the father of Zen Buddhism.
He heard a verse from the Diamond Sutra in the markets and wanted to know more.
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What are the four sources of Islamic law?
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1. Qur'an
2. Sunnah (traditions/practices of Muhammad)
3. Ijma (consensus of community)
4. Qiyas (analogy/reasoning/legal precendent).
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What is a Caliph?
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A ruler in the Islamic community of Ummah.
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What is the Hadith?
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The compilation of the utterances that Muhammad received from God.
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What Caliph was responsible for the Hadith?
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Caliph Affan.
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What country's predominant religion is the Twelver tradition of Islam?
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Iran.
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What is the significance of the 12th prophet in the Twelver tradition?
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He is a messianic figure who will return at the end and reestablish the rightful governance of Islam and replete the world with justice and peace.
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Who is Mahdi?
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The 12th prophet in the Twelver tradition.
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What is the future role of the 12th prophet in the Twelver tradition?
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He will rule the world before the day of judgment and rid the world of evil.
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What does the intellectualistic distortion of faith mean?
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The belief that faith is an act of knowledge that has a low degree of evidence.
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What does the voluntaristic distortion of faith mean?
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The belief that faith is an act of knowledge that has a low degree of evidence and can be complemented/made up by an act of will.
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What does the emotionalistic distortion of faith mean?
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Faith is a matter of subjective emotions, without a content to be known and a demand be obeyed. A feeling of unconditional dependence.
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PHIL 2070: FINAL EXAM