27 Cards in this Set
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Psychological Science
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the study of mind, brain and behavior
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4 empirical goals
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describe
explain
predict
control
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Important Debates
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...
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Determinism vs. Capriciousness
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determinism- every effect has a cause
leaves no room for randomness
capriciousness- randomness
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Nature vs. Nurture
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Nature- biology
Nurture- Environment
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Dualism vs. Monism
(mind/body problem)
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~Are the mind and body separate & distinct or is the mind simply the physical brains' subjective exp.
Dualism- mind & body separate
Monism- mind & body are inseparable
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William Wundt
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founded 1st psychology lab in leibzig
Introspection- systematic examination of subjective mental experience
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Edward Titchener
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structuralism: conscious experience can be broken down into its basic underlying components
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William James
"The Man"
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critic of structuralism
the mind is more complex than sum of its elements & cannot be broken down in order to understand function
Functionalism-approach concerned with the adaptive purpose or function of mind & behavior
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Gestalt
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"whole is greater than the sum"
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Watson & Skinner
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Behaviorism- the emphasis on the role of the environment in producing behaviors
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Cognitive psychology
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study of how people think, learn, and remember
Kohler-insight learning: shah moment
Tolman- learning by observation(w/out reward)
Monkey experiment stacking boxes
imitating others
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Social Psychology
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How are people influenced by others?
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Humanism
(Maslow's hierarchy of needs)
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accepting yourself to reach your full potential
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Chapter 2
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...
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Scientific Method
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theory
hypothesis
research
analysis
report
repeat
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theory
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ideas and concepts that explain what is observed & makes predictions about future events
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hypothesis
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a specific, testable prediction of the future
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Three types of psychological research
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1. Descriptive
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"observational studies"
no real control
involves observing & classifying behavior w/or w/out participant intervention
used for new research
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Longitudinal studies
(developmental)
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studying developmental changes over time of same person
adv.- faster, less expensive
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Cross sectional studies
(developmental)
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comparing across diff populations at SAME time
adv.- within-subject comparison
-controls for differences across participants
dis.-time consuming, expensive, drop-out rates are high, more prone to confounds
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correlational
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examines how variables are naturally related in real world
correlational does NOT equal causation
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Experimental
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study in which the researcher manipulates a variable
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Independent variable
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variable we manipulate (ex. amnt of sleep, alcohol consumed)
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Dependent
(measured)
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variable that is affected
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Confound
(third variable)
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anything that affects the dependent variable OTHER THAN the independent variable
(ex. taste test, blind study, same participants)
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PSY 105: TEST 1