42 Cards in this Set
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Payne Fund Studies
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The Payne Fund Studies were a series of studies of the effect of movies on children's behavior.
-sleeping habits -attitudes -conduct There are more effective ways to do studies now
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Ways to Understand Media Influence
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-payne fund studies
-questionnaires -open-ended interviews -psychogalvanometers
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Hypodermic Needle Model
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Powerful media and a passive audience = one way direct flow to the audience
-direct -immediate -powerful
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Mass Society Theory
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(industrial Revolution 1920s) People were alienated or cut off, and media could fill that void of family
-people accepted what they heard and saw
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War of the Worlds Broadcast
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1938- Orson Wells radio reading of War of the Worlds, on Halloween, caused mass panic because people thought it was a real account of something actually occurring (it was fiction!)
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Minimal Effects Paradigm
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Media gets it's word out by word of mouth- Opinion leaders spread media's opinions to their followers (two-step flow theory)
People's Choice Study (1940 Presidential Election)- how did people decide who to vote for?
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Uses and Gratifications
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With the rise of mass media in the last century, critics worried that its power could destroy freedom through manipulating consumers.
-information -personal identity -integration and social interaction (bring culture together) -entertainment
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Limitations of Uses and Gratifications
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-relies on self-reports
-assumed people fully understand what they get out of media -doesn't deal with the consequences of choices -assumes unlimited choices and control
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Limitations of Minimal Effects
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-looked at short-term not long-term influence
-"change" viewed as the only indicator of media impact -what about the media reinforcing attitudes and beliefs? -ignored most important question: If media didn't change opinions where did those opinions come from in the first place? ~personal…
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Media and the Social Construction of Reality
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-agenda setting
-cultivation -cultural studies: the news media can set the agenda so we only hear details they want us to hear -as media coverage of crime increases so does the public concern for crime even though the actual crime rate is down
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Most Wired School
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MIT: students need to be stimulated (technology), puts pressures on teachers
-more than 50hr/week on media
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multitasking
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creates students who aren't full thinkers, with worse analytical reasoning and memory scattered
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Video Games
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asian youth culture surrounded by video games
-people have died playing 50hr tournaments -hard to study because technologies keep on improving -90% use the computer everyday, 10-15% in danger addiction zone Camp: addicted individuals relive their childhood that computers replaced
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World of Warcraft/ Everquest
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Guilds: groups of people who work together in the game (10hr/wk)
-urge to connect with people -1/3 of female players on Everquest find loved ones
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Second Life
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online universe that rewrites the roles of interaction (brings us back together- not alone anymore like internet)
IBM has meetings on second life -more engaging -can work from home -cheaper (no traveling) -no need to actually meet -wear real life faces in 15 minutes
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War
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-simulation for those who were traumatized in battle
-fly planes from office: drone pilots (just as much stress as soldiers in the field)
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Mean World Syndrome
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George Gerbner- living in a mean world causes people to lose the ability to sympathize, heavy views have a hirer level of insecurity and believe the TV version of reality more than reality itself, television is a highly distorted picture of the world.
3 Factors: -normalization of violenc…
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Media Fear in News
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local news has an intense focus on crime, disease, etc.
-crime drop of 5% although perceived as higher -43% drop, lowest in 30 years -gun sales have increased as violence increases on TV (protection)
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Confucious
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the most effective way to rule a nation: "rectify the language"
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ideology
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" a system of meaning that helps define and explain the world and that makes value judgements about that world."
-worldview -belief system -values
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False Consciousness
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(marxist) ideas are forced upon you- not your own ideas, accept an idea that runs contrary to your ideas because it is what the mainstream thinks
"They Live" 1988
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Ideological themes in Mass Media
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The American Dream, Hyperindividualism, Hypermasculinity, hyperfemininity, heteronormativity, Post-racial society, Consumerism
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hypermasculinity
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way men are amped and intensified to exaggerated stereotyped behaviors believed to be masculine: compete with others, dominate women, influential to younger men (what they should be)
War toys: George Bush and GI Joe Effect
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Hyperfeminism
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women are passive, naive, graceful, hypersexualized, innocent
-americans have become soft because of feminism
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heteronormativity
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extreme homophobia, idea that everyone is heterosexual
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Post-racial society
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Obama President, Oprah influential, black athletes and movie stars/comedians
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Consumerism
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path to happiness, as income rises the amount of people very happy stays the same, over population and over consumption
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Ideology and Articulation
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linking particular ideas even if there are no natural links (consumption=happiness, peanut butter=jelly)
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Hegemony
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Antonio Gramsci- ideas become "the way things are", "common sense"
two ways to control a society: domination, or hegemony (more effective) ~raise hand, walk in straight line, no talking while others are
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Punk Movement
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was to restore sense of rebellion
-Sex Pistols (Johnny Rocket), Anarchy in the UK 1977: lyrics that would shock and offend the mainstream -then punk went commercial (hegemony) -same thing happened to rap
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Liberalism (left)
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regulate business, pro-labor unions, corporations/wealthy, higher portion of taxes, cut military spending, government spending on social programs, expansion of gay rights, pro-choice, public healthcare
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Conservatism (right)
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deregulate business, anti-labor unions, lower portion of taxes, more military spending, cutting spending on social programs, no expansion of gay rights, anti-abortion, privatized healthcare
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Media and Ideological Bias
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1) journalists, not owners or advertisers, make the decisions about what stories will be covered and how. 2) journalist are all liberal. 3) journalists ignore objectivity and push a liberal agenda. 4) real objectivity would align closely with conservative ideology
-very little evidence …
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Propaganda Model- Ed Herman and Noam Chomsky 1988
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Corporate media systems limit perspectives besides hegemony
Filters: 1)Ownership 2)Advertising 3)Sources 4)Flak (organized action against media) 5)Anticommunism
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Amadou Diallo
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23yr old Haitian immigrant shot 41 times by cops looking for a Rape suspect. He reached for his wallet to show police ID and was shot.
-Bruce Springsteen wrote a song about it "41 Shots" -indirect cultural role
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Race
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people use race as a construct to judge others, clues to who a person is, happens in our unconscious, race is a social construct, it's complicated to assign people to a specific race although racial categories are specific, race brought on by fear and trying to compete to be the best
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Story one: the "other"
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treat others as a threat, creates fear in people, creates distorted views of latinos and blacks, villains in movies: arabs and muslims, blacks are twice as likely to be shown as predators on the news, accept and embrace repression for safety, only 15% of drug users are black
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Story 2: post racial society
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Cosby effect- so wildly popular opened doors for similar images
- there are still huge socioeconomic gaps even though Obama is president
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Birth of a Nation
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blacks were shown in a negative light, glorified the KKK to protect whites in the South, brought the threatening black man to the big screen
-Amos and Andy show: racist representations of blacks -I-Spy: Bill Crosby, but unrealistic situtations
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Symbolic Annihilation
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Symbolic Annihilation is the absence of representation in media.
erase from the public consciousness
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Pat Boone vs Oscar Grant
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Pat Boone- rerecorded black music to make it acceptable to play on the radio.
Oscar Grant- police shooting, unarmed black male, considered a peacemaker, bullet hit ground and pierced his lung killing him. 23 yrs old with a 4 yr old daughter
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What now?
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Alternet- talk back to media, organization education action, media literacy, alternative media, make your own media
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Final Study Guide