Final Study Guide
51 Cards in this Set
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Cogito Ergo Sum
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I think therefore I am
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Claim
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Things that we hear from others
-Weak evidence, depend on trust
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Inference
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Things we can assume by logical extension from other information
-Strength depends on the evidence we are using to make the inference
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Experience
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Things we experience or watch happen
-Strong evidence, but it is often hard to discern how or why something happened
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Science
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Things we can manipulate
-Very strong evidence because we can assess the conditions under which something is true
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Proof
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Things that we derive from logic alone
-Very strong forms of evidence, they must be true by definition
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Theory (Social Science)
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A natural, testable overarching explanation for scientific observations
-Must be falsifiable
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Hypothesis
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Prediction made from a theory in which we propose a test
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Scientific Method
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A combination of science (deduction) and inference (induction)
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Phenomenon
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When we notice something different or interesting seems to be happening
-Explanatory, maybe predictive
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Discerning the Phenomenon
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Similar to conceptualization, consists of three main parts
-Refining the research questions
-Establishing the scope of the project
-Identifying the areas likely to be central to the analysis
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Direct Effects
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An intentional message in a piece of media, understood by every audience member in the same way (early communication models)
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Socially-Constructed World
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Idea that the way that we understand the natural world is always through a social system and a cultural perspective, no single meaning
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Falsifiable
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Could be shown as wrong
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Causes
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Independent variables, predictor, covariate, comes BEFORE dependent
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Effects
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Dependent variables, outcome, object of interest
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Maps of Meaning
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Frame works, notion of what belongs with what, learned, meaning arises because of our shared conceptual maps
-The capacity to classify is a basic genetic feature of human beings,
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Communication
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Speaking, gestures, facial expressions, clothes, etc., language externalizes the meanings that we are making of the world
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Theory (Analytic)
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Explanation of a phenomenon that may or may not have predictive value (propose theory, interpret results)
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Research Question (Analytic)
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Based on phenomenon, what the study is looking to find out, NEVER START WITH HYPOTHESIS
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Variables
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Overarching concept (i.e. gender), measures for ideas, things we actually measure
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Attributes
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The possibilities for a variable, specific descriptions, characteristics (i.e. male, female, etc.)
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Constants
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Variables that have a single attribute for every individual that is measured
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Concepts
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Core ideas that we are interested in, things we want to measure
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Conceptualization
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What are the key concepts, how will we define them, and how we turn them into a hypothesis
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Operationalization
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Sequence of things we are going to measure (How could we measure...?)
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Independent Variable
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Causes
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Dependent Variable
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Effects
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Critical Theories
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Tools that help us understand the maps of meaning that exist in our culture, try to explain assumptions and values
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Marxism
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Refers to a set of political and economic ideas, capitalist systems of production are inherently unequal because the ruling class always makes money off of the labor of the working class, argues that the economic base influences all other parts of society, including culture, religion, etc.
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Feminism
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Social and political movement committed to the destruction of systematic, gender-based inequalities
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Critical Race
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Critical examination of the social and cultural relations among race and power, identifies that these power structures are based on white privilege and white supremacy
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*****
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Theoretical examination of the connections between gender and sexuality, argues that biological sex and cultural gender are not the same thing, gender is not binary
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Postcolonial
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Analyzes, explains, and responds to the cultural legacies of colonialism and imperialism
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Research Question (Social Science)
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Hypothesis, questions we want to answer with our research
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Dimensions
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Organization of variables into more specific groups, comprise a complex concept, useful for looking at how variables relate
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Nominal Definition
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Lets us agree on what, exactly, it is we are studying, suggests what should be measured
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Indicators
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The specific things we measure to get at a dimension
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Index
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Direct measure of the concept - each variable gets at the whole idea or measures of parts of a complex concept - each variable gets at some of the idea
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Operational Definition
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Specific (operationalized) definition of a concept
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Response Options
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Choices for questions, different choices equal different ways of defining the concept for the purposes of measurement
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Levels of Measurement
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They change what our questions mean, change how variables can be analyzed, change how variables can be compared (NOIR)
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Nominal
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There are response options/attributes, if there are only two options it must be nominal, only nominal if it does not fit any other category
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Ordinal
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Nominal and they are in order, categories must be in order, categories are of different sizes but still in order
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Interval
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Ordinal and they are evenly spaced, zero does not mean “none,” differences between categories must be of consistent sizes to be interval (including last category!)
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Ratio
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Interval and the zero point means “none” (not just no change, NONE), must have consistent differences between categories
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Face Validity
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On its face, it either does or doesn’t seem accurate
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Deduction
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Take a new idea and see if it holds up to new facts, stronger than induction, can falsify
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Induction
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Take a bunch of facts and decide what they suggest, suggests correlation, cannot falsify
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Empirical
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Acquired by means of observation or experimentation
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Paradigm
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Overarching framework for thinking about theories
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Final Study Guide