ANTH 1006: AGRICULTURAL AND URBAN REVOLUTIONS
41 Cards in this Set
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Paleolithic period
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2.5MYA-18KYA
stone tools (mode I-IV)
savaging, GATHERING, HUNTING
live in small migratory groups
religion/art developed. language present
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18K-10KYA
climatic volatility
temperatures rose
big mammals become extinct
new game; unfamiliar plants
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post-pleistocene/holocene
-end of ice age
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20KYA-18KYA
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end of paleolithic period, ___KYA-____KYA
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shift in subsistence focus
more plants available
broadening economic base
sedentary settlement
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culture: adaptive changes
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Mesolithic Period
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18K-10KYA
Last glaciation to agriculture
associated with warming conditions
level of cultural development
foraging
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foraging
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economic production strategy
hunting and gathering
exploitation patterns are more diverse and intensive
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broad spectrum economy
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productive and more diverse economy
more emphasis on smaller game
ground stone tools associated with woodworking
may have started as early as 50KYA
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we see the PROCESSES leading to the domestication of plants and animals
background for food production
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importance of mesolithic period...
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oasis theory
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(theories for agricultural revolution)
childe 1950s
people congregated around oases
collected seeds and wild grass
led to plant cultivation
cultivation attracted wild cattle, sheep & goats
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NO archeological evidence
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problem with oasis theory?
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population growth theory
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(theories for agricultural revolution)
hunting & gathering was so productive it led to increase in pop.
led to more people needing food
people in marginal areas decided to domesticate
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domestication is gradual and they could not predict which animals/plants could be domesticated
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problem with population growth theory
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multiple strand theory
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(theories for agricultural revolution)
different sets of factors were responsible for domestication in different sets of places
local effect of climate, environment, technology, diet, etc
causes particular to one area may not apply yo another area
NO UNIVERSAL PROCESS
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feasting theory
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(theories for agricultural revolution)
displays of power;
dominance over others
food gift-giving
requires large quantities of food
drove food production and intensification
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no archeological evidence for feasting
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problem with feasting theory
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transhumance economic adaptation model
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among pastoralists
very limited crop production
mainly migratory herding of animals
includes biological evolution and cultural innovation
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pastoralism
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concerned with the raising of livestock
the care, tending, and use of livestock
mobile aspect- need land
ranches, cattle and sheep stations (modern day)
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mesolithic
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12KYA
hunting and gathering economy
human groups following migratory animals
seasonal pattern of exploitation
floral analysis/faunal analysis
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floral analysis
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wild plants found in different ecological zones are being used primarily in their zones
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faunal analysis
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hunting selection of animals is random
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mesolithic (11k)
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11KYA
hunting of hoofed animals: sheep
50% are immature wild sheep
decrease in animals of female %
eating of ram (male) lamb
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herds were protected from the effects of natural selection
"artificial selection"
PLANT DOMESTICATION
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
humans become SELECTIVE AGENT
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beginning of the management of plants and animals
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true - bones of domestic sheep with greater fat and excessive wool
-botanicals recovered in areas not within their natural ranges
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9KYA was the marking of full domestication of plants and animals... T or F?
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domestication
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(intensification is a feedback system)
____________ = intensification of plant and animal resources
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neolithic period
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10K-6KYA
agriculture to use of metal tools
still use stone tools
independently developed in different parts of the world
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middle east
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wheats, figs, dates, pistachios, barely, lentils
camel, sheep, goats, cattle, dogs
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asia
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rice, millet
pigs, chicken, cattle, horse, dogs
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africa
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yams, palm oil, sorghum, millet, wheat, barely
cats (egypt), sheep, goats, cattle
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americas
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Corn, beans, squash, peppers, tobacco, tomatoes, potatoes, gourds
Turkey, llamas, guinea pigs, dogs
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working harder and longer (time and energy)
less dietary insurance
failed crops
hunting and gathering hordes
problems with health
famine
sanitation issues and communicable diseases
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consequences of food production
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storage of surplus- stable/secure diet
political alliances- trade
higher populations- more workers
occupational specializations
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why do food production
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frequent ovulations
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agricultural women have more ________ ___________, which led to population increases from high food production
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sedentism
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______________ allows care for more babies
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already too dependent, cannot go back to foraging
pollution
cancer
over population
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agriculture drawbacks
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priests
craftsmen
artisans
architects
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neolithic period occupational specialization:
P
C
A
A
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concept of private property
more trade
more efficient transportation
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more cultural advances in neolithic period ....
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elites = specialists
farmers = commoners
slaves = elite ownership
concept of inequality
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order of social rank...
_________ = specialists
__________ = commoners
________ = elite ownership
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hierarchical settlement systems
development of cities and states
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"civilization" 6KYA
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egalitarian societies
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decisions made by the household, family, or local community
everyone participates
labor was divided, organized and distributed through age and sex
wealth is on the basis of family relationships
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complex societies
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authority, work, and decision making was made by social groups
based on concepts of social inequality
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bronze age
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associated with the use of copper and its alloy
URBAN civilization
pro-writing
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ANTH 1006: EXAM 1: HOMINIZATION