Homo erectus• Biology– larger brain– flat heated– football-shapedskull– strong brow ridges– saggital keel– thick bonesHomo erectus•Culture– Acheluian &Chopper Complexes•Handaxe• big-game hunter• fire & clothing• 1st hominid out ofAfricaHomo sapiens (Archaic)• Biology– like H. erectus– slightly larger brain– less slopingforehead– smaller, but broaderface and jaw– massive browridgesHomo sapiens (Archaic)• Culture– stone tools stillhandaxes &choppers–blades– construction ofsheltersHomo neanderthalensis• Biology– smaller brow ridges– increased brain– thick-walled skull– heavy chinless jaw– enormous sinuscavitites– fall-headed; bunNeanderthal• Culture– Buried dead;cults– Mousterian• scraper•flake-tools• spearpoint?Two Schools of Thought• “Out-of Africa”– supported by fossil andarchaeologicalevidence– Genetic Evidence• Mitochrondial DNA“Eve”• “Multi-Regionalism”• hominid populationscrossed the humanthreshold in differentregions at differenttimesHomo sapiens (Modern)• Models ofSpeciation– Out of Africa– Multi-regionalism– 250,000 yearsago– Co-existed withNeanderthalsAnatomically-Modern Homosapiens• Biology– large, complex brain– small face with brainover it– chin (language?)– narrow heads– high forehead– greatly reduced browridgesHomo sapiens (Modern)•Culture– Stone tools =blade–burin– bow & arrow– cave paintings– migration aroundthe