BIOL 3401: MIDTERM
82 Cards in this Set
Front | Back |
---|---|
cadaver dissection
|
cutting and separation of tissues to reveal their relationships
|
comparative anatomy
|
study of more than one species in order to examine structural similarities and differences and analyze evolutionary trends
|
exploratory surgery
|
open body and take a look inside
|
medical imaging
|
viewing the inside of the body without surgery
|
gross antomy
|
study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye
|
cytology
|
study of structure and function of cells
|
histology
|
examination of microscopic cells
|
ultrastructure
|
molecular detail under electron microscope
|
histopathology
|
microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease
|
palpation
|
feeling with fingers
|
What dictates cell function?
|
cell cytoplasm and membrane
|
cytoplasmic components
|
-provide machinery for cell to synthesize ATP and proteins
-root of all cellular processes
-provides the following capacity molecular synthesis
|
Chromatin
|
ability for cell to respond
-contains embedded proteins
-root of all physiological processes
|
Fluid Mosaic Bilayer
|
Fluid Mosaic Bilayer
|
Membrane components of Fluid Mosaic Bilayer
|
-peripheral proteins
-integral proteins
-cytoskeleton(chains of sugar)
|
components of FMB serve as
|
-receptors
-enzymes
-channels and pumps
-cell adhesion
|
4 broad tissue categories
|
-receptors
-enzymes
-channels and pumps
-cell adhesion
|
organ
|
structure with discrete boundaries that is composed of 2 or more tissue types
|
epithelial tissue
|
Types: membranous or glanular
-covers body surface
-line body cavities
-forms the external/internal linings of many organs
|
basement membrane
|
layer between an epithelium and the underlying connective tissue
|
collagen
|
anchors the epithelium to the connective tissues below
|
basal surface
|
surface of an epithelial cell that faces the basement membrane
|
apical surface
|
surface of an epithelial cell that faces away from the basement membrane
|
binding of organs
|
areolar, tendons, and ligaments
|
support and movement
|
bones and cartilage
|
physical protection
|
bones and cartilage
|
immune protection
|
white blood cells
|
energy storage and heat protection
|
white blood cells
|
transport
|
blood
|
dense fibrous connective tissue(regular)
|
-densely packed, parallel collagen fibers
-compressed fibroblast nuclei
-elastic fibers/tissue, wavy sheets
|
What attaches muscles to bones?
|
tendons
|
ligaments
|
ligaments
|
General features of bones
|
-epiphyses and diaphysis
-compact and spongy bone
-marrow cavity
-articular cartilage
-periosteum
|
types of bone marrow
|
-red
-yellow
|
Red marrow
|
-myeloid tissue
-found in every bone in children
-found in skull, ribs, sternum, humerus femur of adults
-hemopoietic tissue)produces blood cells)
|
Yellow marrow
|
-most red marrow turns into fatty yellow marrow
-no longer produces blood
|
Osteogenic cells
|
-stem cells found in endosteum, periosteum, and in central canals
-multiply continuously to produce new osteoblasts
|
Osteocytes
|
-former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they have deposited
-some reabsorb bone matrix while others deposit it
-contribute to homeostatic mechanism of bone density and calcium and phosphate ions
|
Osteoblasts
|
-bone forming cell that is found in newest layer of bone
-synthesize soft organic matter of matrix, then hardens by mineral deposition
-then called an osteocyte after being trapped in the matrix
-contributes to homeostatic mechanism of bone density, calcium, and phosphate ions
|
Osteoclasts
|
-bone dissolving cells found on the bone surface
-large cells formed from the fusion of several stem cells
|
Osteoporosis
|
-estrogen maintains density in both sexes; inhibits osteoclasts
-common in young female athletes
|
Joint (articulation)
|
any point where two bones meet, whether or not the bones are movable at that interface
|
4 major joint categories
|
-bony
-fibrous
-cartilaginous
-synovial
|
Bony joints
|
low movement, if any at all
|
fibrous joints or synarthrosis
|
largely immovable joint where two bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue
|
cartilaginous joints
|
allowed to absorb and take shock
|
Synovial joints or diarthrosis
|
two bones are separated by a space called a joint cavity
|
Articular cartilage
|
hyaline cartilage layer covering the facing surfaces of two bones
|
joint (articular) cavity
|
separates articular surfaces
|
What structures are associated with synovial joints?
|
tendons, ligaments, and bursa
|
Tendon
|
-attaches muscle to bone
-most importnat structures in stabilizing a joint
|
ligaments
|
similar tissue that attaches bone to bone
|
bursa
|
-a fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid
-cushions muscles, helps tendons slide more easily over joints, modifies direction of tendon pull
|
Synovial fluid
|
-slippery texture
-nourishes articular cartilage
-removes waste
-movement almost friction free
|
sarcoplasmic reticulum
|
calcium reservoir
|
myofilament
|
microscopic structures
|
contractile proteins
|
myosin(thick)
actin(thin)
|
What proteins occur in ali cells?
|
myosin and actin
|
motor unit
|
one nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by it
|
types of smooth muscle
|
multiunit
single unit
|
multiunit smooth muscle
|
-occurs in largest arteries and pulmonary air passages
|
single unit smooth muscle
|
occurs in most blood vessels, digestive tract, and respiratory tract
|
2 major atomical subdivisions of the nervous system
|
-central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
-peripheral nervous system(all nervous system but brain and spinal cord
|
What does the PNS provide?
|
sensory input and motor outputs
|
ganglion
|
swelling in a nerve where neuron cell bodies are concentrated
|
structure of a neuron
|
dendrites
soma cell body
axon hillock
myelin sheath
node of ranveir
internodes
|
Neuroglial cells of CNS
|
astrocytes
epydemal cell
microglia
oligodendrocyte
|
types of neuroglia
|
oligodendrocytes
ependymal cells
astrocytes
microglia
|
oligodendrocytes
|
-form myelin sheaths
-white matter appearance
|
oligodendrocytes
|
lines internal cavities of the brain and secretes and circulates the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
|
microglia
|
small wandering macrophages, help clean CSF
|
astrocytes
|
-have perivascular feet that content blood capillaries
-form the blood-brain barrier
|
Two types that occur only in PNS
|
schwann and satellite cells
|
Major landmarks of the brain
|
-cerebrum is 83% of brain volume
-cerebellum contains 50% of the neurons
-brainstem(diencephalon, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata)
|
central sulcus
|
separates motor and sensory of brain
|
longitudinal fissure
|
deep groove that seperates cerebral hemisphere
|
gyri
|
thick folds
|
sulcus
|
inbetween gyro, shallow grooves
***FOLDS INCREASE COMPLEXITY
|
corpus callosum
|
thick nerve bundle at bottom of longitudinal fissure that connects hemispheres
|
situs solitus vs situs inversus
|
mirror image
|
dextrocardia
|
hearts flipped, everything else normal
|
situs perverus
|
not everything is right, some right, some wrong
|