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BIOL 3401: MIDTERM
cadaver dissection
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cutting and separation of tissues to reveal their relationships
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comparative anatomy
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study of more than one species in order to examine structural similarities and differences and analyze evolutionary trends
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exploratory surgery
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open body and take a look inside
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medical imaging
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viewing the inside of the body without surgery
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gross antomy
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study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye
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cytology
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study of structure and function of cells
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histology
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examination of microscopic cells
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ultrastructure |
molecular detail under electron microscope
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histopathology
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microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease
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palpation
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feeling with fingers
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What dictates cell function?
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cell cytoplasm and membrane
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cytoplasmic components
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-provide machinery for cell to synthesize ATP and proteins
-root of all cellular processes
-provides the following capacity molecular synthesis
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Chromatin
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ability for cell to respond
-contains embedded proteins
-root of all physiological processes
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Fluid Mosaic Bilayer
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Fluid Mosaic Bilayer
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Membrane components of Fluid Mosaic Bilayer
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-peripheral proteins
-integral proteins
-cytoskeleton(chains of sugar)
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components of FMB serve as
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-receptors
-enzymes
-channels and pumps
-cell adhesion
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4 broad tissue categories
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-receptors
-enzymes
-channels and pumps
-cell adhesion
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organ |
structure with discrete boundaries that is composed of 2 or more tissue types
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epithelial tissue
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Types: membranous or glanular
-covers body surface
-line body cavities
-forms the external/internal linings of many organs
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basement membrane
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layer between an epithelium and the underlying connective tissue
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collagen
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anchors the epithelium to the connective tissues below
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basal surface
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surface of an epithelial cell that faces the basement membrane
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apical surface
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surface of an epithelial cell that faces away from the basement membrane
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binding of organs
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areolar, tendons, and ligaments
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support and movement
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bones and cartilage
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physical protection
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bones and cartilage
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immune protection
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white blood cells
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energy storage and heat protection
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white blood cells
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transport
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blood |
dense fibrous connective tissue(regular)
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-densely packed, parallel collagen fibers
-compressed fibroblast nuclei
-elastic fibers/tissue, wavy sheets
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What attaches muscles to bones?
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tendons
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ligaments
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ligaments
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General features of bones
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-epiphyses and diaphysis
-compact and spongy bone
-marrow cavity
-articular cartilage
-periosteum
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types of bone marrow
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-red
-yellow
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Red marrow
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-myeloid tissue
-found in every bone in children
-found in skull, ribs, sternum, humerus femur of adults
-hemopoietic tissue)produces blood cells)
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Yellow marrow
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-most red marrow turns into fatty yellow marrow
-no longer produces blood
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Osteogenic cells
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-stem cells found in endosteum, periosteum, and in central canals
-multiply continuously to produce new osteoblasts
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Osteocytes
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-former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they have deposited
-some reabsorb bone matrix while others deposit it
-contribute to homeostatic mechanism of bone density and calcium and phosphate ions
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Osteoblasts
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-bone forming cell that is found in newest layer of bone
-synthesize soft organic matter of matrix, then hardens by mineral deposition
-then called an osteocyte after being trapped in the matrix
-contributes to homeostatic mechanism of bone density, calcium, and phosphate ions
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Osteoclasts
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-bone dissolving cells found on the bone surface
-large cells formed from the fusion of several stem cells
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Osteoporosis
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-estrogen maintains density in both sexes; inhibits osteoclasts
-common in young female athletes
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Joint (articulation)
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any point where two bones meet, whether or not the bones are movable at that interface
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4 major joint categories
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-bony
-fibrous
-cartilaginous
-synovial
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Bony joints
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low movement, if any at all
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fibrous joints or synarthrosis
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largely immovable joint where two bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue
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cartilaginous joints
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allowed to absorb and take shock
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Synovial joints or diarthrosis
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two bones are separated by a space called a joint cavity
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Articular cartilage
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hyaline cartilage layer covering the facing surfaces of two bones
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joint (articular) cavity
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separates articular surfaces
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What structures are associated with synovial joints?
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tendons, ligaments, and bursa
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Tendon |
-attaches muscle to bone
-most importnat structures in stabilizing a joint
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ligaments
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similar tissue that attaches bone to bone
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bursa
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-a fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid
-cushions muscles, helps tendons slide more easily over joints, modifies direction of tendon pull
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Synovial fluid
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-slippery texture
-nourishes articular cartilage
-removes waste
-movement almost friction free
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sarcoplasmic reticulum
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calcium reservoir
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myofilament |
microscopic structures
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contractile proteins
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myosin(thick)
actin(thin)
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What proteins occur in ali cells?
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myosin and actin
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motor unit
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one nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by it
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types of smooth muscle
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multiunit
single unit
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multiunit smooth muscle
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-occurs in largest arteries and pulmonary air passages
|
single unit smooth muscle
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occurs in most blood vessels, digestive tract, and respiratory tract
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2 major atomical subdivisions of the nervous system
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-central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
-peripheral nervous system(all nervous system but brain and spinal cord
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What does the PNS provide?
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sensory input and motor outputs
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ganglion |
swelling in a nerve where neuron cell bodies are concentrated
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structure of a neuron
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dendrites
soma cell body
axon hillock
myelin sheath
node of ranveir
internodes
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Neuroglial cells of CNS
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astrocytes
epydemal cell
microglia
oligodendrocyte
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types of neuroglia
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oligodendrocytes
ependymal cells
astrocytes
microglia
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oligodendrocytes
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-form myelin sheaths
-white matter appearance
|
oligodendrocytes
|
lines internal cavities of the brain and secretes and circulates the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
|
microglia
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small wandering macrophages, help clean CSF
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astrocytes
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-have perivascular feet that content blood capillaries
-form the blood-brain barrier
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Two types that occur only in PNS
|
schwann and satellite cells
|
Major landmarks of the brain
|
-cerebrum is 83% of brain volume
-cerebellum contains 50% of the neurons
-brainstem(diencephalon, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata)
|
central sulcus
|
separates motor and sensory of brain
|
longitudinal fissure
|
deep groove that seperates cerebral hemisphere
|
gyri
|
thick folds
|
sulcus
|
inbetween gyro, shallow grooves
***FOLDS INCREASE COMPLEXITY
|
corpus callosum
|
thick nerve bundle at bottom of longitudinal fissure that connects hemispheres
|
situs solitus vs situs inversus
|
mirror image
|
dextrocardia
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hearts flipped, everything else normal
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situs perverus
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not everything is right, some right, some wrong
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