ANTH 120:EXAM TWO
111 Cards in this Set
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Order Primates
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Suborder - Strepsirhini
Suborder - Haplorhini
Hyporder - Tarsiiformes
Hyporder - Anthropoidea
Infraorder - Platyrrhini
Infraorder - Catarrhini
Superfamily - Cercopithecoidea
Family: Cercopithecinae; Colobinae
Superfamily - Hominoid…
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Strepsirhini
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-Lemurs & Lorises
-Post Orbital Bar (BUT no plate)
-Tooth comb
-Grooming claw
-Wet nose
-Unfused mandible
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Haplorhini
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Shared Characteristics Based
"Higher Primates" (Tarsiers, Monkeys, Apes)
-Dry nose
-Complete Bone Orbit (Post-Orbital Plate)
-Fused Mandible
-Short Snout
-Nails not claws
-Larger body to brain size
-Nocturnal/Arboreal
-Monogomous or Multifemale
-Diet: Insects & Small vertebrates…
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Anthropoidea
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Behavior Based
Platyrrhini (New World Monkeys) & Catarrhini (Old World Monkeys, Apes, Humans)
Traits:
- Three premolars (2.1.3.3.)
- Flat nose with sideways nostrils
-Some have prehensive tail (5th appendage)
*Found in Central & South America
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Platyrrhini
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-New World Monkeys
-Sideways Facing Nostrils
-2.1.3.3. dental
-Some have prehensive tail
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Catarrhini
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Old World Monkeys
*Cercopithecoidea & Hominoidea (Apes & Humans)
Traits:
-Anthropoid Characteristics PLUS
- 2 Premolars (2.1.2.3.)
-Downward facing nostrils
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Cercopithecoidea (Superfamily)
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-Tails of rudimentary tail
-Ischial Callosities (Tough skin on butt)
Bipholodont molars (2 points raised)
*Africa, India, Japan, China
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Cercopithecinae(Subfamily)
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Old World Monkeys
(Baboons, Macaques, Vervet Monkeys, Mandrills)
-Generalized
-Frugivores
-Grass & Seed eaters
-Cheek pouch (food storage)
*Africa
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Cercopithecines
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Cercopithecinae
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Colobinae (Subfamily)
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(Colobus Monkey, Proboscis Monkeys)
-Specialized
-Arboreal
-Folivores (Leaf eaters)
-Sacculated stomaches
*Asia
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Colobines
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Colobinae
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Hominoidea (Superfamily)
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Apes & Humans
-No tails
-Y5 molars
-Wide thorax
-Large Body Size
-Complex behavior
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Chimpanzee
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Pan Troglodytes
-Hominiae
-Multi-male/Multi-female
-Females have dominance
-Omnivores: Fruit, nuts, insects, small mammals
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Gibbon
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Lesser Ape
-Hylobatidae
-Family structure
-Brachiation (long arms to swing from tree to tree)
*Southeast Asia
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Gorilla
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-Sexually dimorphic
-knuckle-walkers
-largest of all living primates
-One male/multi-female (polygynous)
-Folivore
*Western & Easter Africa
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Gorillinae
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Mountain & Lowland Gorillas
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Lemuroidea (Infraorder)
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Lemurs
-diurnal & nocturnal
-wet nose
-2.1.3.3.
-tooth comb
-post-orbital bar
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Lemurs
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Stepsirrhines
Lemuroidea
*Madagascar
-diurnal & nocturnal
-solitary & gregarious
-arboreal & terrestrial
-Diet: fruit
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New World Monkey
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Platyrrhini
(Capuchins,Howler Monkey, Spider Monkey...)
-2.1.3.3. dental
-flat nose/sideways nostrils
-some have prehensive tail
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Old World Monkey
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Catarrhini
(Macaque, Baboon, Patas,Mandrills...)
-2.1.2.3. dental
-Downward facing nostrils
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Orangutan
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Greater Ape
-No tail
-Sexual dimorphism
-Solitary
-Diet: Fruit
-Quadrupeds
-2.1.2.3. dental
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Suborders
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Haplorhini
Strepsirhini
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Tarsiers
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-Haplorhine (Tarsiidae)
-small, cute, yoda
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Canini/
Premolar Honing
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first lower premolar of apes & some monkeys used as a cutting/sharpening edge
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Complex (C/P3)
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Sharpens canine
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Claws
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Primates have nails, but exceptions include:
-Grooming claw
-Claws used for climbing trees
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Diastema
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Gap in teeth between incisor and canine -- used for honing complex
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Encephalized
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relationship between body size and brain size
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Eye Orbit
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Eye Socket
-Haplorhines
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Grooming Claw
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Single claw on hand used for grooming
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Hunting
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Meat is small part of diet along with fruits, leaves, small insects
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Intermembral Cortex
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Length of forelimbs divided by length of hind limbs times 100
(locomotion patterns)
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primates nails instead of claws
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allows hands to be more manipulative
tool use
exception is some digits of prosimians have claws known as grooming claws
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Ontogenyand
development
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development of an individual organism
(from the earliest stage to full maturity)
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Post Orbital Bar
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Bony ring that separates eye orbit from back of the skull (Primate characteristic)
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Post Orbital Plate
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Rear of your eye socket (enclosed)
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Prehensile Tail
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A tail that can be used as a 5th appendage -- grasping like a hand for swinging through the trees
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Rhinarium
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Moist, hairless pad at the end of the nose see in most mammals (Lemurs & Lorises)
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K- Selection
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One offspring at a time.
several years between births
mothers care for them longer
extended growth and development
(K- Selection)
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R- Selection
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larger number of offspring, reduced parental care
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Tapetum Lucidem
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Reflective layer that forms the "glow" of animals eyes
Ex) Nocturnal Strepsirhines
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Tool Use
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Primate use tools -- when discovered by Jane Goodall, humans weren't seen as specialized as before.
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Tooth Comb
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Elongated incisors from the front of the mouth -- used to groom and for feeding
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Y5
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Tooth patter in hominids
-5 cusps
-Forms Y pattern
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Arboreal Quadruped
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Walks on four legs in trees
-MOST common primate locomotion
-short forelimbs/long hindlimbs
-FLEXED LIMBS
-long tail (balance)
-long digits
-flexible shoulder
-stabilizing elbow joint
-pronograde posture
-palmigrade (entire palm on surface)
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Knuckle Walking
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Terrestrial locomotion (chimps & gorillas)
-long arms/short legs & calloused knuckles
-weight bearing elbow & wrist
-rotated humerus
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Suspensory
locomotion traits
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locomotion involving swinging or hanging from arms
-long upper limbs
-long, curved fingers
- flexible joints (shoulders)
-wide, flat chest
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Terrestrial Quadruped
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walking on all fours on the ground
-digitigrade (only putting fingers down when moving)
-restricted shoulder & elbow movement
-same length arms and legs
-short fingers & tail
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Vertical Clinging & Leaping
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use of trunks to leap and jump to new places (mostly feet - pivot in air)
-long legs & feet bones
-arms short & slender
-longer hallux (big toe) for foot grasping
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Carnivorous
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Meat-eating
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Displacement
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when group moves away from original habitat - long period of separation leads to change in behavior
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Dominance & Rank
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social relationship between two individuals
-Maintained by: fights, displacement, redirected aggression
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Folivorous
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Leaf-eating
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Graminivores
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Grass-eaters
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Granivores
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Seed-eaters
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Monogamous
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One male, one female
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Omnivorous
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Meat and vegetable eater
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Polyandrous
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One female, multi-male
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Polygynous
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One male, multi-female
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Reciprocal Altruism
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behavior that benefits another with expectation that benefits will be returned in the future
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Solitary
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Does not live in social groups
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Submissive Displays
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Yielding to authority of another
-non-threat gestures
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Body Fossils
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minerlized bones & teeth
-rare
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Bone Function
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-Support: internal organs,body structure
-Movement: all muscles attach to @ least one bone
-Protection: particularly in thoracic region, ribs, skull, etc.
-Formation of blood cells: stores blood stem cells
-Mineral storage: calcium & phosphate repository
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Dental Formula
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numerical description of a species' teeth listing the number of incisors, canines, premolars & molars
Ex) Humans - 2.1.2.3.
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Principle of Faunal
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The scientific law stating that specific groups of animals have followed, or succeeded, one another in a definite sequence through Earth history
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Succesion
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gradual change in species composition of a community through time
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Half-Life
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time necessary for 1/2 radioactive atoms to decay
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Hydroxyapatite
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a mineral of the apatite group that is the main inorganic constituent of tooth enamel and bone, although it is rare in rocks
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Law of Superposition
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If one geological layer is under another layer, then the lower layer is older than the upper layer (assuming no disturbance).
Superposition can only tell you if a fossil is older than, the same age, or younger than another fossil
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Osteoblast
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Bone-forming cells
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Osteoclasts
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Bone-dissolving cells
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Osteocyte
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Mature bone cells that maintain structure
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Stratigraphy
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study of temporal & spatial relationships between bodies of sedimentary rocks
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Taphonomy
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study of how bones & other materials came to be buried in the earth & preserved as fossils
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Trace Fossils
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geological records of biological activity
Ex) footprints, impressions, feeding marks
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Eras
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Period of time marked by distinctive events.
Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic
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Paleozoic
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"old" "ancient life"; lots of life appeared (multicellular org.); ended w/ largest mass extinction in earth's history- Premian-Triassic extinction
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Mesozoic
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"middle age"
"Age of Reptiles"
-end of dinosaurs (mass extinction)
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Cenozoic
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Geologic time period that began 65 million years ago and continues today.
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Periods
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subdivided eras ranging from tens of millions of years to less than two millions years
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Epochs
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subdivision of a geologic period
Pliocene
Miocene
Oligocene
Eocene
Paleocene
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Pliocene
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-first bipedal humans
-ceropithecine radiation
-5.3 - 2.6/1.8 MYA
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Milocene
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"First Apes"
-planet warmed, created new & expanding forest habitats for catarrhines
-23 - 5.3 MYA
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Oligocene
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"Age of Monkeys"
-early anthropoids evolve & thrive
-much more temperate climate
-34 - 23 MYA
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Eocene
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"First True Primates"
-55 - 34 MYA
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Paleocene
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"Proto-Primates"
- 60 MYA
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Relative Dating
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-method used to determine the age of rocks by comparing them with those in other layers
-utilized for fossils
-Fluorine Dating
-Isotope
-Paleomagnetism
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Fluorine Dating
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A relative (chemical) dating method that compares the accumulation of fluorine in animal and human bones from the same site.
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Isotope
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variation of atom
-same # of protons
-DIFFERENT # of neutrons
*Radioactive Isotopes: unstable & give off radiation (energy) to become stable
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Paleomagnetism
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The study of rock magnetism to determine
the intensity and direction of Earth’s magnetic field in the past
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Absolute Dating
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assigning a precise historical date, based on known and recorded events in the region as well as physical evidence.
-Carbon14
-Dendrochronology
-ESR
-Radiopotassiumdating
-40K/40Ardating
-Thermoluminescence
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Carbon-14
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Radioactive Isotope for dating fossils and rocks less than 20,000 years old
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Dendrochronology
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comparison of patterns of tree rings, only in certain regions, less than 11,000 years ago.
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Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Dating
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a dating technique based on measuring the buildup of electrons in crystalline materials
- 10 - 100 MYA
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Radiopotassium dating
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The radiometric dating method in which the ratio of 40K to 40Ar is measured to provide an absolute date for a material older than 20,000 years.
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Potassium-Argon Dating (40K- 40Ar)
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40K is common in earth's crust and is unstable
decay begins when molten rock cools and solidifies
Half-life of 1.3 billion years gives range of 100kya- earliest rocks on earth
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Thermoluminescence
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Absolute dating method
Used on ceramics, burnt stone, volcanic deposits
Measures intensity of light produced when sample is heated
Determines amount of time since material was last heated or mineral crystallized
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Adapids
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Eocene primates
-Lemur-like (early stepsirhine)
-long legs, tails, noses
-no ear tube
-post orbital bar
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Branisella
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oldest new world monkey fossil we have, found in Bolivia
-EARLIEST PLATYRRHINE*
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Carpolestes
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-Early Primate --> modern primate characteristics
-grasping foot
-nail on big toe instead of claws
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Dryopithecids
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-Mid Miocene
-Europe: Spain, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Turkey
-Body & Face like modern apes
-More suspensory
-long arms/large hands
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Fayum
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In Egypt, now a desert (was tropical environment)
where monkey life were discovered (anthropoid fossils)
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Omomyids
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-large eyes : nocturnal
-short snout
-post orbital plate
-tarsier-like
-ancestor to haplorhines
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Parapithecids
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-dental: 2.1.3.3.
-small monkey-like body
-leaper (arboreal)
-oldest w/ most information
-stem anthropoid (prior to plattyrrhine split)
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Plesiadapiforms
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-*ancestral catarrhine
-dental: 2.1.2.3.
-broad incisors: frugivores
-C/P3 honing complex (premolar sharpens canine)
-low, rounded molars
-sexual dimorphism
-arboreal quadruped
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Sivapithecus
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-Pakistan, India
-Orangutan-like skull
-proconsulid-like body
-probable early orangutan
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First
"True Primates"
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-Eocene (55 - 34 MYA)
-grasping hands & feet
-nails
-larger, rounder braincases
-generalized teeth
-forward-facing eyes
-post-orbital bar
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Jane Goodall
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-Louis Leaky
-1960
-Chimps
-Gombe Reserve, Tanzania
-gave names to observed chimps
-chimps use tools, sign language, hunt, fight - humans aren't as unique as originally thought
-ONLY HUMAN to be accepted into chimp social structure
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Nicholas Steno
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-1669
-Father of Sedimentology
-Used fossils to reconstruct history
-rocks that fossils as referred to strata
-Sedimentary origin of rock strata
-Organic nature of fossils
-Law of Superposition
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William Smith
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-3608
-Principle of Faunal Succession
-each stratagraphic layer has certain fossils
-fossils succeed each other vertically in a specific reliable order
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ANTH 120: MIDTERM 3