BIOL 1114: Rainbow Connection
23 Cards in this Set
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Absorbance
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The ability to take up electromagnetic radiation by objects; different wavelengths of the visible light spectrum have different absorbances and appear as different colors.
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Absorption spectrum
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The amount of light of different wavelengths absorbed by objects (e.g. pigment. molecules)
Usually depicted as a graph of light absorbed versus wavelength.
Measured by a spectrophotometer.
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Accessory pigment
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Pigments that expand the accessible wavelengths that can be absorbed and used in photosynthesis, e.g. carotene (absorbs between 460 and 550nm, appears red, orange, or yellow) and phycocyanin (absorbs between 550 and 640nm, appears blue).
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Camoflauge
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Color patterns in organisms that allow them to blend in with their environment.
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Chloroplast
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Eukaryotic cellular organelle that contains chlorophyll (the machinery for operation of photosynthesis).
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Chlorophyll A
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Absorbs blue and violet (400-500nm)
Absorbs red and orange light (600-700nm)
Reflects green light
Participates directly in the light reactions
Primary pigment in all photosynthetic organisms except bacteria;
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Grana
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Stacks of thylakoid membranes that contain the chlorophyll pigments.
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Light dependent reactions
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Photosynthetic pathways that use absorbed light energy to make ATP (photophosphorylation) and NADPH.
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Light independent reactions
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Chemical reactions of photosynthesis that do not require light energy directly to transform (or fix) carbon dioxide into organic carbon compounds.
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Mimicry
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Resemblances in physical appearance between species, often only distantly related in an evolutionary sense; often associated with defenses against predation.
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Photon
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Particle of light
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Photophosphorylation
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The process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of a proton-motive force generated by the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast during the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
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Photoreceptor
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Pigment molecule(s) associated with membranes that allow animals to detect light; shape changes in pigment molecules generate action potentials to transmit sensory information to neurons; many organisms use rhodopsin as the photoreceptor pigment.
Rods and cones
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Photosynthesis
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Biochemical process in primary producers (photoautotrophs) that uses the energy of sunlight to make organic molecules (organic acids and sugars) from inorganic molecules (carbon dioxide and water).
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Photosystems I and II
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Two clusters of pigment molecules that concentrate light energy at the chlorophyll A reaction center, and provide an energized electron to an electron transport chain, which drives the formation of ATP; located in thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.
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Retina
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Sheet of photoreceptors (rods and cones) within the eye; light is focused onto the retina through the lens.
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Rods and cones
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Rods are photoreceptors that are responsible for black and white vision, located around the edges of the retina. Cones are responsible for color vision and are concentrated toward the center of the retina.
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Stroma
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The fluid matrix within the chloroplast where the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis are performed.
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Warning coloration
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Bright colors and bold patterns that act as defense systems against predation, advertising that the colored individual is toxic.
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Wavelength
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The distance moved by a photon during a complete vibration; dependent on the energy of the photon; higher energy photons have shorter wavelengths.
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Reaction center
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Chlorophyll A molecule located in the center of a photosystem;
Functions to eject an energized electron from the photosystem to the electron transport chain.
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Red algae
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Phylum Rhodophyta
Multicellular algae that contain red and blue pigments allowing them to run photosynthesis at greater depths.
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Reflectance
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Scatter and reflection of electromagnetic radiation; wavelengths that are not absorbed are reflected.
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BIOL 1114: Exam #2