88 Cards in this Set
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What were Harper's three steps for anticipatory managment?
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See opportunities
Accelerate quickly
Dodge obstacles
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Which one of Harper's categories develops scenarios and asks "what if?"
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Seeing opportunities
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What are the two types of scenarios you can create when seeing opportunities?
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Offensive (growth) and Defensive (don't get blindsided by negative situations)
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This step is found by inquiries which lead to insights.
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Developing Scenarios
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What is the second step to Harper's categories?
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Accelerate quickly
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What is the main point to accelerating quickly?
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Shorten the time between ideas and action and initiation and results
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What is the third point to Harper's categories?
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Dodge obstacles
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What is one important part of dodging obstacles?
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Don't grow faster than your management
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What are three keys that will increase agility?
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1)scenario planning
2)have a clear mission (keeps focus)
3)teach people to be entrepreneurial
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According to Harper, when a subordinate asks you what to do in a situation. What should you say?
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Ask them what are the 3 best things you can think of?
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What are offensive timing initiatives?
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1)Introducing products
2)Introducing processes
3)Entering new markets
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What are defensive timing initiatives?
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1)dropping a product
2)exit a market
3)divest the venture
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A manager's job is to teach people how to navigate around obstacles....not to ___________
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remove the obstacles
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What 3 factors cause creativity to come together?
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Intellectual abilities
A knowledge base
An appropriate style of thinking
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What are two appropriate styles of thinking?
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Expanding on a concept
Combining two previously unrelated concepts
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What are categories for objects or events that are similar to each other?
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Concepts
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What are concepts?
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Categories for objects or events that are similar to each other
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What are the new three R's for creativity?
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Record
Recall
Recreate
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What does a catastrophic expectations report include?
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It lists/describes the worst thing that could happen
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Everybody has a certain level of resistance to ______.
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Change
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What gives practice in expanding on concepts and accessing info in the long-term memory?
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A timed list
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What are two problems with creativity?
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1) Selective process
2) Discomfort w/the abstract
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What are three parts of selective processing?
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1) Selective attention
2) Selective distortion
3) Selective retention
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What is selective attention?
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The tendency to only pay attention to info that we are already interested in or the info is out of the ordinary
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What is selective distortion?
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Changing new info to fit with our previously held beliefs
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What problem consists of changing new info to fit with our previously held beliefs?
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Selective distortion
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What problem has the tendency to only pay attention to info that we are already interested in or the info is out of the ordinary?
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Selective attention
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What problem happens when you only remember a small part of any new info?
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Selective retention
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What is selective retention?
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Only remembering a small part of any new info?
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These don't allow anyone to be out of the loop in communication.
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Forcing devices
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What are two examples of forcing devices?
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1) required meeting
2) one coffee pot
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What are two ways to exercise your brain?
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1) create a timed list
2) what is this?
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What are five keys of organizations for creativity?
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1) Open communications
2) Decentralized
3) Overlapping jobs
4) Resources available
5) Allow for failur
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What organization has decision making authority formally given to jobs in relatively low levels of the organization?
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Decentralized organizations
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What does decentralized organizing do?
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Forces people at lower levels to think and develop higher quality solutions earlier in their careers
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What are four kinds of resistance to change?
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1) self-interest
2) lack of understanding
3) uncertainty
4) different assessment of goals
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Who said "people resist change because they fear changes to their interpersonal relationships"?
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Paul Lawrence
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What was Paul Lawrence's view?
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People resist change because they fear changes to their interpersonal relationships
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Paul Lawrence believed technological change shifts power from ___________ employees to ___________ _____________.
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experienced technological expertise
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Who said, "People get comfortable with the people they work with on a regular basis. Change disrupts these relationships."
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Paul Lawrence
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In times of change, people need to be _________ to making the change work.
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committed
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To be effective __________needs to take place before the change is instituted.
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Participation
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When dealing with resistance, what are 5 steps you must follow?
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Participation
Analyze the cause
Communication and education
Negotiation
Coercion
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What is another name for change agents?
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Idea Champions
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Who wrote an article titled "Why Change Programs Don't Produce Change"?
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Beer, Eisenstat and Spector
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Beer, Eisenstat and Spector thought these four things didn't work.
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Company wide, top down programs
New structures
Pay for performance
Turning managers into change agents
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Who thought fostering a climate for change and giving a general directions works best for change?
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Beer, Eisenstat and Spector
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What are the 6 steps for change according to Beer, Esenstat and Spector?
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Involve those affected by the change in diagnosis
Develop a shared vision
Foster consensus
Spread the change
Formalize the change
Monitor and adjust
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What are two ways to foster consensus for the new vision?
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1) training
2) outplacement
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The _____ of the steps to change is important!
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order
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What does changing teams and making people once on the team leaders of a new team do?
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Reduces the inception that change is being forced down from the top.
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What are the two aspects of structure in an organization?
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1) grouping jobs and creating a hierarchy
2) coordination
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Describe vertical structure of an organization
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grouping jobs and creating a hierarchy
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describe horizontal structure of an organization
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coordination
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What are 6 principles of the vertical structure?
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1) work specialization
2) chain of command
3) centralization vs. decentralization
4) separation of line/staff authority
5) span of control
6) departmentalization
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What are three benefits of work specialization?
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1) people are more productive
2) make fewer mistakes
3) creates potential for rewards (motivational)
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What are two factors of the chain of command?
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1) unity of command
2) scalar principle
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What is unity of command?
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No 1 person takes direct orders from more than 1 superior
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What is the scalar principle?
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The line of authority is unbroken from the top to the bottom and the line of accountablity is unbroken from the bottom to the top of an organization
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Define authority
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The right to give orders, allocate resources or make decisions (vested in the position)
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Define responsibility
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the obligation to use authority in the best interest of the organization
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What are 3 reasons for resistance to delegation?
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1) fear
2) trust
3) time
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What are 3 benefits to delegation?
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1) frees the manager's time to do higher-level tasks
2) develops subordinates -> increased productivity
3) motivates subordinates (challenging them)
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Define accountability
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The requirement to justify the outcomes of the use of authority
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Define delegation of authority
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the transfer of authority from a superior to a subordinate
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Centralization vs. Decentralization
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Cent= authority near top, formalized, high-quality decisions
Decent= authority near bottom, org-wide decision, quicker to respond
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What is another name for wide span of control?
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Flat (fewer layers)
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What is another name for narrow span of control?
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Tall (more layers)
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What are 4 advantages of the functional structure?
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1) Efficient use of resources
2) Specialization
3) Top MGMT control
4) High-quality problem solving
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What 3 factors determine the span of control?
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1) stability of subordinates' work
2) support for the manager
3) subordinates' task maturity
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When determining the span of control more of the 3 factors equal what kind of span?
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Wider (Flat)
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When determining the span of control less of the 3 factors equal what kind of span?
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Narrow (Tall)
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What groups jobs together based on their performance of like activities?
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Functional
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What groups jobs on the basis of product, geography and the customer.
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Divisional
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What 3 factors does divisional structure look at?
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1) product
2) geography
3) consumer
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What are 4 advantages to the divisional structure?
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1) responsive/flexible
2) better functional coordination
3) emphasis on overall divisional goals
4) develops general managers
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What combines the functional and divisional structures?
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matrix structure
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What structure violates the unity of command?
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Matrix structure
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Matrix managers must ______ ________ with each other.
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communicate directly
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The matrix structure works best at the ________ of the organization.
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top
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What is a benefit to the virtual structure?
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less capital investment
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What is a negative aspect of the virtual structure?
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less control
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Define a virtual structure.
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Coordinating activities of busn. that don't have common ownership, for a common purpose.
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What is a no structure, structure?
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Virtual Structure
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What are the 2 sides of the spectrum regarding coordinations?
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mechanistic vs. organic
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Which type of coordination is more efficient, relies on rules, and centralized decision making.
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Mechanistic
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Which type of coordination leads to greater responsiveness and flexibility, relies on communication and decentralized decision making?
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Organic
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What are 3 strategic objectives regarding coordination?
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1) mission
2) competition
3) environment factors
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MGMT 320: EXAM 1