NTR 301: FINAL EXAM
51 Cards in this Set
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Identify who has more water, men or women, and explain why
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Percentage, men have more tissue that has little water aka total body has less water per weight
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Percentage, men have more tissue that has little water aka total body has less water per weight
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Provides "structure" - makes up cytoplasm
Acts as a solvent
Acts as a catalyst
Transports compounds
Acts as a lubricant
Controls body temperature
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List examples of symptoms of mild dehydration (2% weight lost as water)
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Stronger thirst, vague discomfort and sense of oppression, loss of appetite, headache
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Explain the role that thirst plays in maintaining fluid balance
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Initiates Drinking
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Initiates Drinking
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With increase in age, there's a decrease in thirst response
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With increase in age, there's a decrease in thirst response
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Feces, insensible loss (evaporation), sweat, urine
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Explain how the body conserves water in the face of increasing losses
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Body conserves water by cutting back on losses via urine
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Identify the general guidelines for fluid consumption
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Men - 3.7 liters, about 16 cups
Women - 2.7 Liters, about 11 cups
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Compare the commonly held recommendation to drink 8-10 glasses of water a day to the DRI for water for men and women
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Accurate because they assume cups larger than one cup in capacity. Close to necessary needs
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Indicate whether caffeine/alcohol containing beverages "count" towards fluid consumption
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Do not count in water consumption
Drive fluids out of the body through urine
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What are characteristics of Vitamin A deficiency?
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Night blindness
Keratinization of epithelial tissue
Xerophthalmia and permanent blindness
Impaired growth
Increased susceptibility to infection
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Vitamin C Deficiency, occurrence, and basic characteristics
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Scurvy - sailors off on long voyages. Problem during civil war.
Symptoms: Swollen gums, bruising, hemarthrosis, anemia, poor wound healing, weakened immune response.
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What are some characteristics of thiamin deficiency?
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Some mild characteristics of Thiamin deficiency can be fatigue, depression, irritability and loss of appetite. More severe cases results in decrease in sensory, motor and reflex function of lower extremeties, mental confusion and opthalmoplegia.
Beri-Beri
alcoholics tend to have this
…
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Niacin Deficiency
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Pellagra- "rough skin"
Dermatitis
Diarrhea
Dementia
Death
Epidemic among the poor in southeastern US during early 1900s
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Describe the evidence to date for a relationship between individual nutrients and chronic disease risk and be able to identify generally good sources of those nutrients (3 answers)
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Cancer: Vitamins A, C, D, & E
Heart Disease: Folate, Vitamins B-6 & E
Osteoporosis: Vitamin K
Niacin - Dr. Goldberger - Pellagra
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Explain the theory behind the role of antioxidants in disease development, what the research has found to date and the potential reasons for those findings
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Antioxidants help protect the body from free radicals. Free radical "attacks" are believed to contribute to otherosclerosis & cancer.
Individual vitamins not shown to be antioxidants, may need combination of various vitamins or other combinations in fruit, veggies
Potential reason need …
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Explain why older adults are at risk for vitamin D and vitamin B-12 deficiencies, the potential result of such each deficiency, and the best way for each deficiency to be prevented (2 answers)
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Vit. D is from the sun and elderly don't get out as much and/or use sunscreen
Can't absorb Vit. B-12 as well
Contributes to bone fractures
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Identify those vitamins that are known to be toxic and explain why even water-soluble vitamins pose a toxicity risk (2 answers)
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If intake exceeds kidney's daily filtration rate, the excess could build up elsewhere in the body, causing damage as indicated above
Vitamin A - liver damage and birth defects
Vitamin D - Liver Damage and bone loss
Vitamin B-6 - Neurological Damage
Niacin - liver damage
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Explain the basis for differentiating between major and trace minerals
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Major- present in the body in large amounts
Trace- present in the body in smaller amonts
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List ways in which mineral absorption can be decreased
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Fiber, phyate, oxalate, polyphenols interfere and bind to minerals preventing absorption
Minerals compete with each other for absorption
Bind to minerals
Mineral excretion could be low
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Explain why high levels of minerals in general can be undesirable
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Minerals do not excrete well and can build to toxic levels over time
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Calcium: List it's body functions and explains how those are related to how levels are controlled in the body
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-Functions of Calcium are life and death
- Blood calcium levels are carefully controlled via Vitamin D (aids in the absorption of CA from food) and Other hormones (parathyroidhormone and calcitonin)
-If inadequate amounts of calcium are available from the diet it will be drawn from the …
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Explain the factors that contribute to the development of osteoporosis, explain why women are at a greater risk for osteoporosis, explain the roles that calcium plays (4 answers)
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Marginal calcium
Bone is constantly "turning over"
Women are at greater risk
Menopause
Lower total bone mass to begin with
Role of Calcium
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Explain why women are at greater risk for osteoporosis than men
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women are at greater risk because:
they have accerlation of loss at menopause when they lose estrogen, and have lower total bone mass to start with.
men already dead by the time they reach fracture level.
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List examples of good dietary sources and explain why some sources look better on "paper" than they really are. (6 answers)
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Dairy Products
Canned fish w/ bones
Greens, broccoli
Calcium fortified foods
Hard Water
Some foods like spinach have a lot of calcium but the presence of high levels of oxalate significantly decreases the amount that can be absorbed
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List other conditions that may be related to marginal levels of calcium intake
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high blood pressure, polysystic ovary syndrome, premenstural syndrome, insulin resistance, obesity
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Explain the relationship of sodium and potassium to each other and to blood pressure
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sodium and potassium work together to maintain fluid (including blood plasma) balance and therefore blood pressure.
If extracellular fluid levels increase, for example due to excess sodium, then blood plasma increases and therefore blood pressure as well.
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Compare the RDAs for sodium and potassium to typical US intake and discuss what it would take for the typical American to meet the recommended levels (2 answers)
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RDA for sodium - max 1500 mg/day
RDA for potassium is 4700 mg/day
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List the components of the DASH diet and explain why it is believed to be beneficial
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-most successful dietary approach to treating high blood pressure
High potassium( and magnesium) intake (fruits, vegetables, dairy)
High Calcium intake (through low fat dairy products)
Low sodium intake
Evidence that this diet may reduce or eliminate need for medication
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Iron: Identify its function
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-To transport oxygen in: blood via hemoglobin and muscles via myoglobin
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List its deficiency symptoms and those at risk and why (8 answers)
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Iron deficiency anemia, Developmental delays in children, Fatigue, apathy, decreased ability to concentrate, Cold intolerance, Decreased resistance to infection, Excessive ice-eating, Restless leg syndrome
At risk: infants and children (growth), adolescent females (menstruation), menstru…
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Explain why even low iron stores may be problematic, both in the US and around the world
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Comes in food that they are generally not provided
Supplements are not supplied as well.
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indicate whether or not iron is toxic
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liver damage/infection for people with hemochromatosis (excessive iron absorption) or people who eat lots of fortified foods and or supplements.
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Iron: Dietary Sources
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Beef - heme iron - easier to absorb
Enriched whole grains - non heme
Green leafy vegetables - non heme
fortified foods - non heme
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Chromium, Iodine, Selenium, Zinc: Match the supplement claim to the mineral, the evidence for its usefulness and concerns about high doses
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Chromium: weight loss/muscle gain-no evidence for beneficial effects- no known harmful effects for humans
Iodine: increased metabolic rate/weight loss- low thyroid activity is NOT caused by iodine deficiency in the US- may actually shut dow the thyroid gland at high doses 11.1mg/day
Sel…
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List the components of body weight, the factors that influence them, and identify the relative contributions of nature v. nurture in determining total body weight (5 answers)
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Water: 50-60% (gender/LBM/exercise/diet)
Lean Body Mass (gender, genetics, exercise, diet)
Skeletal Mass(gender, genetics, exercise diet)
Fat mass (gender/genetics/exercise/diet)
Gender / Genetics explains 40-60% of weight
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List the internal factors that influence eating behavior
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1. nutrient levels (glucose-short term, fat-longterm)
2. hormones-- gut hormones, others,
3. neurotransmitters
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Provide examples of external factors that influence eating behavior
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-boredom, "it's there", stress, social, holidays, taste
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Identify the ways in which the body uses energy (energy out), what proportion of total energy each uses, factors that affect each type, where appropriate, and implication that each has on weight loss and maintenance of lost weight
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1. Basal metabolic processes (60-70 percent)
- BW decreases then BMR decreases
2. physical activity (20-30 percent)
- Lean body mass - if LBM decreases, BMR decreases
3. digestion and absorption (6-10 percent)
- Caloric restriction - calories decrease, BMR decreases
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Define the term basal metabolic rate
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Quantification of calories expended on these processes
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Identify examples of diseases whose risk increase with obesity
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Cadiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, cancer
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Identify the formula for Body Mass Index using metric notation and the cut offs used for defining overweight and obesity
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BMI= weight(kg)/height(m)^2
Overweight: 25-29.9 kg/(m)^2
Obesity: greater than or equal to 30 risk increases
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List the limitations associated with using the BMI to assess the body weight of any one individual (4 answers)
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Does not consider body composition
Does not consider location of excess weight
Different for men and women
Assume one size fits all
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Explain the significance of waist circumference in assessing weight-related risk
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-man should be less than/equal to 40
-women less than/equal to 35
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Identify how much weight must typically be lost in order to see significant reductions in health risk.
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just 10-20% of weight loss may normalize other parameters such as blood glucose, blood pressure, serum cholesterol and other measures of health.
Or 10 pounds for most people
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Explain why it is so difficult to lose weight and keep it off
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Genetics, gender, food is life, response to food restriction, adaption to starvation, environmental influence, changes in body weight & composition, we don't like exercise
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List keys to successful weight loss and maintenance of lost weight and identify the characteristics of successful "losers"
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Set reasonable goals for weight loss, eat a balanced diet of real foods that is reasonably low in fat, high in fruits, veggies & whole grain carbs, limit consumption of empty calories, pay attention to calorie intake, avoid feelings of denial
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Identify the number of calories that need to be expended to lose a pound of fat
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To lose a pound of FAT you have to burn 3,500 more calories than you take in
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List questions that should be asked when evaluating a diet plan (4 answers)
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How long has anyone been able to stay on this plan?
How long could you stay on the plan?
Is it nutritionally balanced?
Does it encourage exercise?
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Identify potential risks associated with trying a weight loss program that produces only short term results (3 answers)
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Greater weight gain due to loss of LBM & decrease in BMR
Feelings of failure, depression
Triggering of an eating disorder
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Identify the limitations associated with currently available prescription and over-the-counter diet pills
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Siburamine (Meridian) - raise blood pressure, truly obese, discontinuation results in weight gain
Xenical (Orlistat) - works by blocking fat absorption - side effects - oily stools, flatulence (unabsorbed fat in large intestine) (Alli)
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NTR 301: FINAL EXAM