PSYCH 454: Chapter 13: Lecture 1 Book Terms
21 Cards in this Set
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Perceptual Learning
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Learning to recognize a particular stimulus. Primary function of this type of learning is the ability to identify and categorize objects and situations. Can involve learning to integrate multiple perceptual cues. Involves the sensory system; learning accomplished primarily in the sensory …
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Stimulus-Response Learning
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Learning to automatically make a particular response in the presence of a particular stimulus; includes classical and instrumental conditioning.
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Classical Conditioning
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Learning procedure; when a stimulus that initially produces no particular response is followed several times by an unconditional stimulus that produces a defensive or appetitive response (unconditional response), the first stimulus (conditioned stimulus) on its own, evokes the conditioned…
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Hebb Rule (Figure 13.1, pg 441)
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The hypothesis proposed by Donald Hebb that the cellular basis of learning involves strengthening of a synapse that is repeatedly active when the postsynaptic neuron fires. Explanation of how neurons are changed by experience in a way that would cause a change in behavior. Repeatedly acti…
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Instrumental Conditioning (Figure 13.2, Pg. 442)
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A learning procedure whereby the effects of a particular behavior in a particular situation increase (reinforce) or decrease (punish) the probability of the behavior; also called operant conditioning. Involves an association between a response and a stimulus and is more flexible as a form…
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Reinforcing Stimuli
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An appetitive stimulus that follows a particular behavior and thus makes the behavior become more frequent (i.e. occurs when the consequence of the behavior is favorable).
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Punishing Stimuli
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An aversive stimulus that follows a particular "unfavorable" behavior and thus makes the behavior become less frequent.
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Motor Learning (Figure 13.3)
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Learning to make a new response. Component of stimulus-response learning. It's different from other forms of learning due to the fact that the degree of novelty of the new for of the behavior being learned corresponds to an increase in the number of neural circuits that need to be modifie…
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Long-Term Potentiation (LTP, Figure 13.4)
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A long-term increase in the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input caused by repeated high-frequency activity of that input. Related anatomy: hippocampal formation
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Hippocampal Formation (Figure 13.4)
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A forebrain structure of the temporal lobe, constituting a an important part of the limbic system; includes the HIPPOCAMPUS PROPER (Ammon's horn), DENTATE GYRUS, AND SUBICULUM. The primary input to this region is the ENTORHINAL CORTEX. These axonal inputs pass through the PERFORANT PATH t…
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Population EPSP (Figure 13.5)
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An evoked potential that represents the EPSPs of a population of neurons. This results from a single pulse of electrical stimulation delivered to the PERFORANT PATH and the excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP) as it communicates with the DENTATE GYRUS. The size of the this extracellu…
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Associative Long-Term Potentiation (Figure 13.6)
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A long-term potentiation in which concurrent stimulation of weak and strong synapses to a given neuron strengthens the weak ones.
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Nonassociative Long-Term Potentiation and Synaptic Depolarization (Figure 13.7, 13.8)
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The series of pulses must be delivered at a high rate all in one burst for this kind of LTP to occur. The rapid rate of stimulation causes the successive EPSPs to occur before the one before it has finished, resulting in the potentials to summate and depolarize the post-synaptic membrane …
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NMDA Receptor (Figure 13.9)
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A specialized ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a calcium channel that is normally blocked by magnesium ion involved in LTP. It is found throughout the hippocampal formation, especially within the CA1 field (stuff from figure 13.7,8). If the PSM is both depolarized AND stimulate…
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AP5 (2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate)
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This is a drug that blocks NMDA receptors and prevents calcium ions from entering the dendrites; blocks the establishment of LTP.
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Dendritic Spike (Figure 3.10)
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Action potentials that occur in the dendrites of some pyrimidal cells, which includes those located in the CA1 field. When an action potential is produced by the axon of a pyrimidal cell, the depolarization backwashes into the cell body, depolarizing the cell body and it's dendritic spine…
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AMPA Receptor
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An ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium channel; when open, it produces EPSPs in the membrane of the dendritic spine. It is one of two types of glutamate receptors on the CA1 pyramidal cells' dendritic spines (NMDA other). Calcium ions entering the cell activate second mes…
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CaM-KII (Type II calcium-calmodulin kinase, Figure 13.12)
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Calium-dependent enzyme found in dendritic spines that plays a critical role in LTP. Without the enzyme, responses of NMDA receptors remain the same, but LTP doesn't occur.
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Nitric Oxide Synthase and Connection Strengthening (Figures 13.12-16, pg. 449-451)
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Enzyme responsible for the production of nitric oxide (NO). NO may be a retrograde messenger that signals production of molecules in PRESYNPATIC neurons. Calcium-activated (NMDA receptors allow calcium to flow in) NO synthase found in regions including the DENTATE GYRUS and CA1 and CA3 of…
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Long-Term Depression (LTD Figure 13.17)
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A long-term decrease in the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input caused by stimulation of the terminal button while the postsynaptic membrane is hyperpolarized or only slightly depolarized.
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Other Forms of Long-Term Potentiation
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pg. 453
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