Study Guide: Final Exam
40 Cards in this Set
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The Scientific Method
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Physical events must have rational explanations
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Outer Core
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Outer core of the Earth is liquid
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Transform Fault
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Not associated with volcanic activity
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Climate System
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Not involved in the rock cycle
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Seafloor Spreading at the Mid-Ocean Ridges
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Used to determine the timing of past geomagnetic field reversals
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Deep-sea ocean trench
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Likely to form during ocean-ocean plate convergence
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Uplift
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Must occur before an intrusive igneous rock can be weathered
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Tetrahedron with Oxygen ions at the verticies
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The basic building block of silicate minerals
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Sodium and Chlorine atoms bond=
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Ionic bonding (the sodium atom gives an electron to the chlorine atom)
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Partial melting of the continental crust
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Would yield a granitic magma
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Felsic
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A rock with very high silica and very low iron/magnesium content
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As a magma cools from high to low temperature...
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Olivine crystallizes before quartz
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Sill
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A tabular concordant intrusion
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Gabbro
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Has very large crystals coarse-grained
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A well-sorted sediment is likely to have been...
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Subjected to prolonged wind or water action
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Diagenesis
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The conversion of sediments to sedimentary rocks
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Transportation of Sediments
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As a current sloes, the largest particles start to settle Faster currents carry larger particles than slower currents
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Foliations
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...tend to develop in a direction perpendicular to the direction of applied stress
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Increasing metamorphic grade...
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Foliations become coarser and easier to detect with the naked eye.
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Regional Metamorphism
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Occurs during mountain building.
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Buoyancy Force
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The force responsible for moving molten rock up to the surface.
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Subduction zones
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Plate-tectonic environment in which stratovolcanoes are most commonly associated.
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Place the 3 seismic waves in order of increasing velocity of travel (from slowest to fastest)
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Surface waves S-Waves P-Waves
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Through which of the different states of matter can S-waves travel?
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Solid only
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Which kinds of plate-tectonic boundaries are associated with earthquake activity?
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Convergent, divergent and transform
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Which of the following phenomena led to the conclusion that the outer core is liquid?
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S-wave shadow zone
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Why does the P-wave shadow zone exist?
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Seismic velocity in the core is slower than the seismic velocity in the mantle.
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The ground motion during a Richter magnitude 8 earthquake is ___ times greater than the ground motion of during a Richter 6 earthquake.
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100 times greater.
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Glacial periods tend to coincide with periods of ___ eccentricity in the Earth's orbit.
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High
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Which of the following reservoirs hold the most carbon?
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Oceans.
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A planet with an atmosphere containing greenhouse gases radiates solar energy back into space ___ than a planet with no atmosphere.
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Less efficiently.
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Which of the following situations is most likely to undergo mass wasting?
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A wet, steep slope of unconsolidated material
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Which of the following is an example of physical weathering?
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The splitting of a rock by a tree root.
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Which of the following minerals is least stable at the Earth's surface?
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Pyroxene.
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What is the largest reservoir of liquid fresh water on Earth?
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Groundwater.
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What properties of a geologic material make the best aquifer?
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High porosity, high permeability.
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If the Earth's atmosphere did not contain greenhouse gases, the Earth's surface would be ____.
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Approximately 33 degrees C cooler.
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Layers that transmit groundwater are called...
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Aquifers.
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Which of the following statements is false?
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Mass movements require wind or running water. True Statements: Mass movements occur when the force of gravity exceeds the strength of the slope materials. Mass movements can be triggered by earthquakes and floods.
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What happens to the potassium (K) in feldspar during chemical weathering?
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It dissolves in the water.
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Chapter 10