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Study Guide: Final Exam
The Scientific Method |
Physical events must have rational explanations |
Outer Core |
Outer core of the Earth is liquid |
Transform Fault |
Not associated with volcanic activity |
Climate System |
Not involved in the rock cycle |
Seafloor Spreading at the Mid-Ocean Ridges |
Used to determine the timing of past geomagnetic field reversals |
Deep-sea ocean trench |
Likely to form during ocean-ocean plate convergence |
Uplift |
Must occur before an intrusive igneous rock can be weathered |
Tetrahedron with Oxygen ions at the verticies |
The basic building block of silicate minerals |
Sodium and Chlorine atoms bond= |
Ionic bonding (the sodium atom gives an electron to the chlorine atom) |
Partial melting of the continental crust |
Would yield a granitic magma |
Felsic |
A rock with very high silica and very low iron/magnesium content |
As a magma cools from high to low temperature... |
Olivine crystallizes before quartz |
Sill |
A tabular concordant intrusion |
Gabbro |
Has very large crystals coarse-grained |
A well-sorted sediment is likely to have been... |
Subjected to prolonged wind or water action |
Diagenesis |
The conversion of sediments to sedimentary rocks |
Transportation of Sediments |
As a current sloes, the largest particles start to settle Faster currents carry larger particles than slower currents |
Foliations |
...tend to develop in a direction perpendicular to the direction of applied stress |
Increasing metamorphic grade... |
Foliations become coarser and easier to detect with the naked eye. |
Regional Metamorphism |
Occurs during mountain building. |
Buoyancy Force |
The force responsible for moving molten rock up to the surface. |
Subduction zones |
Plate-tectonic environment in which stratovolcanoes are most commonly associated. |
Place the 3 seismic waves in order of increasing velocity of travel (from slowest to fastest) |
Surface waves S-Waves P-Waves |
Through which of the different states of matter can S-waves travel? |
Solid only |
Which kinds of plate-tectonic boundaries are associated with earthquake activity? |
Convergent, divergent and transform |
Which of the following phenomena led to the conclusion that the outer core is liquid? |
S-wave shadow zone |
Why does the P-wave shadow zone exist? |
Seismic velocity in the core is slower than the seismic velocity in the mantle. |
The ground motion during a Richter magnitude 8 earthquake is ___ times greater than the ground motion of during a Richter 6 earthquake. |
100 times greater. |
Glacial periods tend to coincide with periods of ___ eccentricity in the Earth's orbit. |
High |
Which of the following reservoirs hold the most carbon? |
Oceans. |
A planet with an atmosphere containing greenhouse gases radiates solar energy back into space ___ than a planet with no atmosphere. |
Less efficiently. |
Which of the following situations is most likely to undergo mass wasting? |
A wet, steep slope of unconsolidated material |
Which of the following is an example of physical weathering? |
The splitting of a rock by a tree root. |
Which of the following minerals is least stable at the Earth's surface? |
Pyroxene. |
What is the largest reservoir of liquid fresh water on Earth? |
Groundwater. |
What properties of a geologic material make the best aquifer? |
High porosity, high permeability. |
If the Earth's atmosphere did not contain greenhouse gases, the Earth's surface would be ____. |
Approximately 33 degrees C cooler. |
Layers that transmit groundwater are called... |
Aquifers. |
Which of the following statements is false? |
Mass movements require wind or running water. True Statements: Mass movements occur when the force of gravity exceeds the strength of the slope materials. Mass movements can be triggered by earthquakes and floods. |
What happens to the potassium (K) in feldspar during chemical weathering? |
It dissolves in the water. |