94 Cards in this Set
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Physical Conditions
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physiochemical features of the environment
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Resources
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forms of energy,chemical compounds, or biological entities that are consumed by organisms
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Are resources and conditions the same for all organisms?
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No, some organism's resource might be another organisms's condition
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Limiting Resource
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a resource so scarce relative to demand that it limits the distribution and abundance of an organism.
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Photosynthesis
1. equation
2. how do plants use carbs to fuel activity?
3. What part of plants diet comes from the soil?
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1. 6H2O+6CO2-> 6O2+C6H12O6
2. Cellular respiration
3. Water and minerals
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Photosynthetic rate
1. Definition
2. What effects it?
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1. amount of Carbon fixed per unit of time
2. Light intensity and light quality
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Is the quality of light equal throughout an environment?
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no
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Do understory plants in a forest recieve lower quality light?
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Yes
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Compensation point
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where photosynthesis and respiration are equal
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saturation point
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point at which increasing the light no longer causes an increase in photosynthesis
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Can the shape of a light response curve vary within a single species
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yes
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acclimation
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an adjustment to a changing environment
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What is the difference between a plant having upright leaves vs. horizontal leaves?
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Upright leaves allow light penetration to lower levels of plant's canopy, single horizontal layers provide maximal light capture.
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Plants and oxygen
1. is oxygen a limiting resource for a plant?
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1. not for the shoot, but for the roots it is.
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is carbon dioxide a limited resource for plants?
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no, because gas diffusion is so efficient
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Why is it that water can become a limiting resource in plants?
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The stomata take in carbon dioxide gas, but at the same time water vapor can readily evaporate out.
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Drought tolerance
1. definition
2. Examples
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1. minimizing water losses while maximizing carbon dioxide gain (allows plant to survive drought conditions)
2. waxy cuticle, upright leaf orientation, hairy leaves, stomata on underside, deep roots, organs for water storage
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Drought avoidance
1. Definition
2. annual life history
3. Drought Deciduous plants
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1. Not being physiologically active during dry times
2. live through drought as a seed rather than as a photosynthesizing individual
3. lose leaves when water availability is low
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Is nitrogen a limiting nutrient? Why/why not?
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yes because Nitrogen must be fixed into ammonium or nitrate to be accessible to living things.
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What are some ways nitrogen fixation can occur?
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Abiotic: lightning
Biological: N-fixing bacteria
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haber process
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process in which you can artificially fix carbon
also generates fertilizer
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Where can carnivorous plants get nitrogen?
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From eating insects, chitin is high in nitrogen, so are muscles.
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Phosphorous
1. Is it a limiting nutrient?
2. What are some sources of P?
3. What are some ways plants increase access to P in the soil?
4. Where does it become a problem pollutant?
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1. yes
2. weathering bedrock, or deposition of particles
3. mycorhizzae
4. lakes-algae
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aspect
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direction land is facing
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slope
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steepness of a surface
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Albedo
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Reflectance of a surface
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Soil Texture
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Size of soil particles
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What effect does altitude have on biome type?
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Elavation recapitulates latitude
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Biomes
1. Define
2. What are they largely defined by?
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1. characteristics of vegetation found across the earth's surface, dictated by large-scale climatic variation
2. Temperature and Precipitation
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What drives variations in physical conditions?
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Latitude (radiation and seasonality), Hadley Cells (rainforests/deserts), Ocean currents, Rain Shadows
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Physical Conditions
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-Climate: long-term description of weather
-Chemical environment: salinity, acidity, concentrations of molecules in water and air
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Resource
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Forms of energy
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Name the different types of heterotrophs
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Decomposers, Parasites, Grazers, Predators
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Are all plants similar in chemical content?
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No
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Do plants or animal tissues have a higher C:N?
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Plants
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What nutrient are herbivores usually limited in? what element is their waste high in?
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Nitrogen (protein), Carbon
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Can animals digest cellulose?
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No
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How do ruminants break down cellulose and lignin?
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Symbiotic bacteria and protozoa
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What nutrient are carnivores limited in and high in?
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Carbon, and nitrogen
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How does mineral availability affect animal growth and reproduction?
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Influences distribution, behavior, physiology. Growth conditions affect chemical composition of plant tissues, spatially and temporally variable
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Where is oxygen limited to animal survival?
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aquatic environments with high oxygen demand, saturated soils or sediments, frozen aquatic environments.
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Which animals are adapted to anoxia?
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Vertebrae: freshwater turtles and capr
Invertebrae: intertidal organisms
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What are some strategies to survive anoxia?
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-big fuel supply
-Tolerating acidosis
-Metabolic rate depression
-Antioxidant protection
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Are space and structures limiting?
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yes
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Specialist consumer
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Consume only a single species or a few closely related species
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Generalist consumers
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eat a wide variety of other species, but show preferences under certain circumstances
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Optimal foraging theory
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predicts animals will maximize the amount of energy acquired per unit of time
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Time spent foraging is what?
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the times spent searching plus time handling
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Optimal Foraging theory Equation
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E1/Th1 compared to E2/(Th2+Ts2)
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Population
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All the individuals of a particular species in a particular area (may have natural boundaries, or may be arbitrary)
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What does population ecology dtermine?
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The distribution and abundance of populations
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What are the four basic processes that add or remove indidviduals?
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Birth, Death, Immigration, Emigration
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Fixed rate growth
1. Describe per capita growth rate
2.do individuals differ in their addition to new individuals according to this?
3. Does the constant fluctuate?
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1. constant
2. no
3. No
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Why can't a species sustain exponential growth?
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because it is not possible, they can experience it temporarily but it will drastically decline
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When is the Exponential growth equation used?
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to predict the change in size of a population experiencing fixed-rate gwoth, when individuals reproduce continuously and the generation overlap
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When is a Geometric growth equation used to predict the size of a population experiencing a fixed-growth rate?
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When indidviduals reproduce only at a specific time each year (discrete breeding) and generations do not overlap..generates periodic estimates of pop size`
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For the per capita rate of increase or decrease to be unchanging, what biological processes must be unchanging?
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birth, death, immigration, emmigration
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what is lamda equal to?
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Nt+1/Nt
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What is the geometric growth equation?
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Nt=lamdatN0
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Native
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Evolved within a given geographic area
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Exotic
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Evolved outside a given geographic area
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Invasive
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Rapidly spreading, dominates areas into which it spread
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Non-invasive
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Do not rapidly spread
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Cryptogamic layer
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biological soil crusts in prairie sites
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Invasibility
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ease with which a new species enters a community
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How does the edge of and invasive species differ from the intermediate?
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The edge species most closely depict the earliest invaders
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biological control
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The introduction of natural enemies of an invasive exotic species,
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What is the goal of a biological control?
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To identify the achilles heel of the invasive species
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What is the critical stage in and invasive plant species?
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Seed--> seedling
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What is the exponential growth equation?
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Nt=N0ert
r=instantaneous per capita rate of population increase
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what is the mathematical relationship between r and lambda?
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r=ln(lambda)
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What is another form of the exponential growth equation that gives us the net rate of population change?
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dN/dt=rN
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What are some limitations of geometric and exponential growth equations?
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use the same transition probabilities time after time
Probabilites most likely affected by annual variation in real life
continuously high growth rates at high population sizes unrealistc
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Logistic Growth model
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dN/dt=rN(1-N/K)
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How does a logisitic growth curve compare to a exponential curve at first?
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They are very similar
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What does the (1-N/K) do to the the population growth of a population as it approaches K?
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It slows it down
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Density Dependent factors
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Must decrease reproduction/immigration or increase death/emmigration more and more as population size increases
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Intraspecific competition
1. what is it?
2. why is it powerful?
3. What do they compete for?
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1. Use or defense of a resource by one individual that reduces the availability of that resource to other individuals, when both individuals are the same species
2. Because individuals of the same species most likely have the same needs
3. Resources
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Why does competition harm individuals
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might be unable to get necessary amounts of limiting resource
have to look longer or go further to find required amounts=> less energy and time for other important life processes
May increase stress associated with intraspecific interactions: territoriality and agreesion
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Is predation a density dependent interaction?
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yes, the more abundant the prey, the larger the proportion that prey makes up the predators diet
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negative density dependence
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negative effect on population growth as population becomes more dense
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positive density dependence (give examples)
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Positive effect on population growth rate as density increases Ex. chances of finding a mate, pollinator attraction, mutual defense against a predator
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Can density-independent factors regulate population sizes?
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no, but they can determine them (storms)
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Metapopulation
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more than one population, but not an entire species, still linked by gene flow
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Dispersal
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movement of individuals from their birthplace, higher rates of dispersal for lesser distance
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Patch
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habitat suitable for organism
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For metapopulations, dispersal is more likely for which suitable characteristics in terms of distance, patch size, and transportation?
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Distance- more likely among close patches
Patch size- more likely among large patches
Transport mechanisms- follows patterns in currents, winds, habitat corridors
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What are some possible reasons why organisms may not have inhabitated a patch?
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-population may have gone extinct
-dispersal limited: species has not yet reached patch
-patch only recently became suitable
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Blinking Lights analogy
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dynamic patterns of patch colonization and extinction (most likely in smallest populations)
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What an often cause of the creation of metapopulations?
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Human activities thtat break numerically and geographically large population into metapopulations
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Source-
Sink-
Rescue Effect-
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-populations large numbers of individuals who are dispersing out
-populations that accept individuals but are not large enough to produce them
-high rates of immigration can protect a small population from extinction
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Range Shifts
1. What is the geographic range of a species
2. What are ranges determined by?
3. As physical conditions change, what else should?
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1. the entire are over which its populations can be found
2. physical conditions and an organism's physiological tolerances
3. the range of the organisms
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Temperature optimum
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range of temperatures to which an organism is best suited
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How can a temperature shift effect the temperature optimum of an organism?
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A shift will result in the particular region becoming less suitable for that organism, possibly causing a range shift
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BIO 307: EXAM 2