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What was the Gestalt Revolt?
-As behaviorism was flourishing in the U.S., Gestalt psychology was gaining popularity in Germany -Gestalt psychologists accepted the value of consciousness while criticizing the attempt to reduce it to atoms or elements -Gestalt psychologists maintained that when sensory elements are c…
Antecedents of Gestalt Psychology
Kant; Mach; Phenomenology
Kant
¡Perceived mental states that appear to be composed of bits actively form a coherent experience
Mach
Mach
Phenomenology
¡A doctrine based on an unbiased description of immediate experience just as it occurs
phi phenomenon
¡A doctrine based on an unbiased description of immediate experience just as it occurs
perceptual constancy
the idea that your past experiences lead you to see the world in a way that is difficult to change.
The Changing Zeitgeist in Physics
—Physicists were describing fields and organic wholes — —Atomism or elementism is influential in the establishment of psychology — —Results à Gestalt psychologists’ revolutionary ways of looking at perception
Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization
Laws that explain the regularities in the way people come to the perceptual interpretations of stimuli. Emphasis is on the whole structures rather than on the detection/assembly of parts of structures Proximity; continuity; similarity; closure; simplicity;figure/ground
Kohler's Productive Thinking in Humans 1 (3)
THINKING IS DONE IN TERMS OF WHOLES -the learner regards the situation as a whole -the teacher must present the situation as a whole -the whole problem must dominate the parts
isomorphism
Gestalt The doctrine that there is a correspondence between psychological or conscious experience and the underlying brain experience.
Describe the spread of Gestalt psychology in the mid-1920's to the mid-1930's
Established movement in Germany 1930's: Hitler comes to power, Wertheimer, Koffka, & Kohler leave for the US
gestalt criticism of behaviorism
emphasis on breaking behavior to observable stimulus-response units and ignoring the context of behavior
gestalt criticism of behaviorism
Kurt Lewin - system using the concept of fields of force to explain behavior in terms of one's field of social influences.
Zeigarnik effect
The tendency to recall uncompleted tasks more easily than completed tasks.
Criticisms of Gestalt Psychology
unscientific approach (not enough control, accepting some things w o explaining, qualitative and exploratory, no stats) too theoretical focus on consciousness terms vague theories hard to test insight research challenged
Contributions of Gestalt Psychology
- continued interest in conscious experience in spite of behaviorism - alternative to reductionistic - behavioristic approach - their phenomenological approach influence can be seen in humanistic movement
Max Wertheimer
Founded Gestalt psychology: beginning with visual illusion--phi phenomenon wholeness experience of the illusion
Kurt Koffka
Coined "perception". Co-founder of Gestalt Psychology. "Perceptions of Psychology"
Wolfgang Kohler
Most prolific promoter of the Gestalt movement. His books became standard work on Gestalt Psychology. —Suggested Gestalt theory was a general law of nature that should be extended to all the sciences. Insight based on study of apes.
Kurt Lewin
Field theory and Zeigarnik effect
Freud's Development of Psychoanalysis
—Freud: Three great shocks to the collective human ego: Copernicus: Heliocentrism Darwin: Evolution Freud: Unconscious —Psychoanalysis was distinct from mainstream psychological thought in goals, subject matter, and methods
Antecedent Influences on Psychoanalysis
Darwin - Unconscious mental processes and conflicts, significance of dreams, hidden symbolism of certain behaviors, and importance of sexual arousal; —Catharsis; Monadology; Johann Friedrich Herbart; Fechnar
Monadology
Leibnitz’s theory of psychic entities, called monads, which are similar to perceptions
Johann Friedrich Herbart
Theorizing of a threshold of consciousness; conflict between ideas for conscious realization
Fechner
Suggested the mind is analogous to an iceberg; great impact on Freud
Catharsis
The process of reducing or eliminating a complex by recalling it to conscious awareness and allowing it to be expressed
Early ideas about psychopathology
Hebrews, Babylonians, Christianity, 15thc inquisition
Sigmund Freud
—Freud’s adult personality characteristics: Self-confidence; Ambition; Desire for achievement; Dreams of glory and fame; Free association
Anna O.
- Pseudonym for patient treated by Breuer - Said to have hysteria - Treatment said to mark beginning of psychoanalysis - Transference: believed she was pregnant w/ Breuer's baby, showed signs of pregnancy - Each symptom disappeared when traced back to first occasion
—Dream analysis
A psychotherapeutic technique involving the interpretation of dreams to uncover unconscious conflict
Psychoanalytic Treatment
Makes clients conscious of repressed problems & help them to resolve those problems so the personality can be healthy and whole
Instincts
—Mental representations of internal stimuli that motivate personality and behavior Death instinct (thanatos)
Libido
The psychic energy that drives a person toward pleasurable thoughts and behaviors
Anxiety
Functions as a warning that the ego is being threatened
Defense mechanisms
Behaviors that represent unconscious denials or distortions of reality but which are adopted to protect the ego against anxiety
Mechanism (Determinism)
Construes humans as machine like, having no capacity for choice and self motivated behavior.
Supported validation of Psychoanalysis
÷Characteristics of the oral and anal personality types ÷Castration anxiety ÷The notion that dreams reflect emotional concerns ÷Aspects of the Oedipus complex in boys
Lack of scientific validation of psychoanalysis.
÷Symbolism of dreams* ÷ The Oedipus complex and male identification with father ÷ Women’s issues with body image ÷Identity and superego ÷Personality formation by age five
Criticisms of Psychoanalysis
—Conclusions draw from case studies of patients Lacks validity and generalizability —Data collection was unsystematic and uncontrolled — —Freud may have used suggestion, or more coercive procedures, to elicit or implant such memories when no actual seduction had occurred — Small a…
josef breuer
Anna o. close friend of freud. used hypnosis. treated hysteria.
Jean-Martin Charcot
-Hypnotist-created physical paralysis and could take it away. This is what he was famous for. He did not invent it, but he brought it back. -This demonstrated the connection of the mind and the body to Freud.
Contributions of Psychoanalysis
—Psychoanalysis based instead on an intuitive appearance of plausibility ——Tremendous impact on popular culture and academic psychology ——Led psychology to revise thinking about the contributing factors to mental illness ——Freudian psychoanalysis became a vital force in modern psycholo…
Factions of Psychoanalysis
Anna Freud; Melanie Klein; Karen Horney; Carl Jung; Alfred Adler; Abraham Maslow; Carl Rogers; Neo-Freudians.
Neo-Freudians
loyalists who called for an expansion of the concept of the ego. Ego seen as having a more extensive role The ego was more independent of the id, possessed its own energy not derived from the id, and had functions separate from the id Suggested that the ego was free of the conflict prod…
Anna Freud
—Devoted her life to the development and extension of psychoanalytic theory and its application to the treatment of emotionally disturbed children; Child analysis
Melanie Klein
—Theory focused on the interpersonal relationships with instinct-satisfying objects Child needs to break free from the primary object (the mother) in order to establish a strong sense of self and to develop relations with other objects (people)
Carl Jung
Analytic Psychology. Sex played small role in human motivation. Libido was generalized life energy of which sex was only a part. We're shaped by hopes, past, goals, dreams. Personality wasn't fully determined by experiences during first five years of childhood.
The Collective Unconscious
—Two levels of the unconscious mind: The personal unconscious ÷The reservoir of material that once was conscious but has been forgotten or suppressed The collective unconscious ÷The deepest level of the psyche which contains inherited experiences of human and prehuman species
—Archetypes
Inherited tendencies within the collective unconscious that dispose a person to behave similarly to ancestors who confronted similar situations ÷Anima/animus ÷Shadow ÷Self
Introversion and Extroversion
Carl Jung
Social Psychological Theories
—Move away from purely biological framework of physics and biology —Emerging fields: Anthropology, sociology, and social psychology Supported the proposition that people are products of social forces and institutions Freud’s work in neuroses is not universal Much human behavior stems …
Alfred Adler
individual psychology; social interest; complex; —Drive for superiority or perfection is universal —People have the capacity to determine our own personality as a unique style of life —Birth order: There is a relationship between birth order and personality because of how one is treated…
Individual Psychology
Adler; theory of personality that incorporates social as well as biological factors.
Social interest
Innate potential to cooperate with other people to achieve personal and societal goals.
style of life
in Adler's view, a technique for dealing with one's inadequacies and inferiorities and for gaining social status
Karen Horney
in Adler's view, a technique for dealing with one's inadequacies and inferiorities and for gaining social status
Humanistic psychology
An approach that emphasizes personal growth, resilience, and the achievement of human potential
Three personality types of neurotic needs
The compliant personality The detached personality The aggressive personality
Idealized self-image
Karen Horney; provides the person with a false picture of the personality or self.
Self-Actualization
the reaching of one's individual potential
Major Psychologists of the Humanistic Perspective
Carl Rogers Abraham Maslow
Abraham Maslow
—Driven to understand the greatest achievements of which we are capable Studied a small sample of psychologically outstanding people to determine how they differed from those of average or normal mental health Self-actualization
Carl Rogers
—Person-centered therapy: Based on a singular motivational factor Unconditional positive regard: the unconditional love of a mother for her infant Responsibility for improvement on the person or client rather than on the therapist Personality is shaped by the present and how we consci…
—Qualities of psychologically healthy persons:
Openness to, and a freshness of appreciation of, all experience Tendency to live fully in every moment Ability to be guided by their instincts rather than by reason or the opinions of others Sense of freedom in thought and action High degree of creativity Continual need to maximize t…
The Fate of Humanistic Psychology
—Humanistic psychologists offered a definition of psychology distinct from the other two forces in the field (behaviorism and psychoanalysis) —Separated from mainstream psychology: Most humanistic psychologists were in clinical practice and not at universities Timing of the humanist mo…
Positive Psychology
—Recent development from humanist psychology —Focus on happiness, excellence, and optimal human functioning subjective well-being; the science of happiness, love and life —Research on satisfaction, interventions for enhanced well-being, leisure, peak performance, positive affectivity, e…
Schools of Thought in Perspective
—Each school Drew strength from opposition to an earlier school Prospered for a time Became part of mainstream psychology Was replaced by a new school
Structuralism
Independent science
Functionalism
Applies findings to virtually every aspect of modern life; utilitarian attitude changed psychology
Gestalt Psychology
Support for wholes; interest in consciousness; influenced clinical psychology, learning, perception, social psychology, and thinking.
Behaviorists and psychoanalysts
stand firmly opposed to each other and are still evolving today.
New movements
cognitive psychology; evolutionary psychology
Cognitive Movement
Oppose the strict behaviorists and promote studying cognitive processing through computer-information processing models.
Antecedent influences to Cognitive Movement
E. R. Guthrie; E. C. Tolman; Gestalt Psychology; Jean Piaget; changing zeigeist physics
E. R. Guthrie
psychologists describe stimuli in perceptual or cognitive terms so meaningful for responding organism
E. C. Tolman
recognized the importance of cognitive variables; decline of stimulus-response approach
Founding cognitive psychology
Long process; no single charismatic leader; interest was pragmatic (simply getting on with the work of redefining psychology);
George Miller
influenced by statistical learning theory, information theory, and computer-based models of the mind. the magic number 7
George Miller
Language, memory, perception, concept formation, thinking, and developmental psychology
Ulric Neisser
—1967: published Cognitive Psychology —1976: published Cognition and Reality Expressed his dissatisfaction with collecting data in laboratories instead of real life settings. —Insisted that cognitive psychologists should be able to apply their findings to practical problems
Turing Test
persuading a subject that the computer with which he or she is communicating is really another person, not a machine.
Cognitive Focus
process of knowing rather than merely responding to stimuli; how the mind structures or organizes experiences; individual actively and creatively arranges the stimuli received from the environment. Important factors: mental process and events, not stimulus-response connection.
Cognitive Neuroscience
Goal: Determine “how brain functions give rise to mental activity” and to “correlate specific aspects of information processing with specific brain regions"
The role of introspection in cognitive neuroscience
quantify introspective reports to render them more objective and amenable to statistical analyses; ¡Subjects retrospectively evaluate the subjective experiences that occurred during an earlier period when they were asked to respond to a given stimulus. Most frequently used research method…
The role of introspection in cognitive neuroscience
Unconscious is able to accomplish many functions that were once thought to require deliberation, intention, and conscious awareness; Unlike the unconscious Freud suggested The new unconscious: More rational than emotional and is involved in the first stage of cognition in responding to a…
Animal Cognition
—Developed from comparative psychology —Cognitive movement restored consciousness to animals as well Animal memory has been shown to be complex and flexible Animals can perform a variety of cognitive functions
Antecedent Influences on Evolutionary Psychology
Charles Darwin; William James; the cognitive revolution; sociobiology.

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