Psychology in Action (8e) by Karen HuffmanLecture OverviewStudying Psychological DisordersStudying Psychological Disorders: Four Criteria for Abnormal BehaviorSlide 5Slide 6Studying Psychological Disorders (Continued)Slide 8Studying Psychological Disorders: Classifying Abnormal BehaviorStudying Psychological Disorders: Classifying Abnormal Behavior (Cont.)Slide 11Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders (Continued)Slide 14Mood DisordersMood Disorders (Continued)Mood Disorders (Continued)Slide 18SchizophreniaSchizophrenia (Continued)Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Other DisordersOther Disorders: Substance-Related DisorderOther Disorders (Continued)Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)Psychology in Action (8e)by Karen HuffmanPowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter 14: Psychological DisordersKaren Huffman, Palomar College©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)Lecture OverviewStudying Psychological DisordersAnxiety DisordersMood DisordersSchizophreniaOther Disorders©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)Studying Psychological DisordersAbnormal Behavior: patterns of emotion, thought, and action considered pathological for one or more of four reasons: •statistical infrequency •disability or dysfunction •personal distress •violation of norms©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)Studying Psychological Disorders: Four Criteria for Abnormal Behavior©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)Culture-General Symptoms (shared symptoms across cultures)©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)Culture-Bound Symptoms (unique symptoms that differ across cultures)©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)Studying Psychological Disorders (Continued)Historical perspectives:In ancient times, people believed demons were the cause of abnormal behavior. In the 1790s, Pinel and others began to emphasize disease and physical illness, which later developed into the medical model.©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)Studying Psychological Disorders (Continued)Modern psychology includes seven major perspectives on abnormal behavior.©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)Studying Psychological Disorders: Classifying Abnormal Behavior The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR):•provides detailed descriptions of symptoms•contains over 200 diagnostic categories grouped into 17 major categories and five dimensions (or axes)©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)Studying Psychological Disorders: Classifying Abnormal Behavior (Cont.)Five Axes of DSM-IV-TR (guidelines for making decisions about symptoms)•Axis I (current clinical disorders)•Axis II (personality disorders and mental retardation)•Axis III (general medical information) •Axis IV (psychosocial and environmental problems) •Axis V (global assessment of functioning)©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorder (characterized by unrealistic, irrational fear)Four Major Anxiety Disorders1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder: persistent, uncontrollable, and free-floating anxiety2. Panic Disorder: sudden and inexplicable panic attacks©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)Anxiety Disorders (Continued)3. Phobia: intense, irrational fear of a specific object or situation4. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): intrusive, repetitive fearful thoughts (obsessions), urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors (compulsions), or both©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)Anxiety Disorders (Continued)Explanations of Anxiety Disorders:Psychological--faulty cognitions, maladaptive learning Biological--evolution, genetics, brain functioning, biochemistrySociocultural—environ- mental stressors, cultural socialization©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)Mood DisordersMood Disorders (characterized by extreme disturbances in emotional states)Two Main Types of Mood Disorders:•Major Depressive Disorder (long-lasting depressed mood that interferes with the ability to function, feel pleasure, or maintain interest in life) •Bipolar Disorder (repeated episodes of mania and depression)©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)Mood Disorders (Continued)Using this hypothetical graph, note how major depressive disorders differ from bipolar disorders.©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)Mood Disorders (Continued)Explanations of Mood Disorders:Biological--brain functioning, neurotransmitter imbalances, genetics, evolution Psychosocial--environmental stressors, disturbed interpersonal relationships, faulty thinking, poor self-concept, learned helplessness, faulty attributions©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)Mood Disorders (Continued)Social PsychologicalBiologicalGender and Cultural Diversity: Culture-general symptoms for depression (e.g., sad affect, lack of energy) Women more likely to suffer depressive symptoms. Why? Combination of biological, psychological, and social forces (biopsychosocial model)©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)SchizophreniaSchizophrenia (group of psychotic disorders) Five areas of major disturbance:1. Perception (hallucinations) 2. Language (word salad, neologisms) 3. Thoughts (psychosis, delusions) 4. Emotion (exaggerated or flat affect)5. Behavior [unusual actions (e.g., catalepsy, waxy flexibility)]©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)Schizophrenia (Continued)©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)©John Wiley & Sons, Inc.